BSEB Bihar Board Rainbow Part 1 English Book Class 11 Solutions Pdf Download

Textbook learning is most important for the students while exam preparation. All chapters are explained very conceptually in the textbook so students are recommended to learn all the concepts covered in the Class 11th English Rainbow Part 1 via Bihar Board Textbook Solutions. You will find all questions and answers, notes, exercises and summary for all chapters in Bihar Board Class 11th English Solutions PDF. So get them and prepare properly for the final exams.

Rainbow English Book for Class 11 Solutions Part 1 Bihar Board 100 Marks

Rainbow Part 1 English Book Class 11 Solutions Prose Section

• Chapter 1 Animals in Prison
• Chapter 2 Nalanda : Ancient Seat of Learning
• Chapter 3 A Snake in the Grass
• Chapter 4 On The Rule of the Road
• Chapter 5 The Scientific Point of View
• Chapter 6 I Pass the Delhi Test
• Chapter 7 The Leader of Men
• Chapter 8 Mother India
• Chapter 9 National Unity, Nation and Nationality
• Chapter 10 Dolly at the Dentist
• Chapter 11 The Three Vows
• Chapter 12 Exceptional Role of Newspapers in Development

Rainbow Part 1 English Book Class 11 Solutions Poetry Section

• Chapter 1 Where The Mind is Without Fear
• Chapter 2 The Marriage of True Minds
• Chapter 3 The Chimney Sweeper
• Chapter 4 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
• Chapter 5 The Lamentations of the Old Pensioner
• Chapter 6 Three Years She Grew
• Chapter 7 Village Song
• Chapter 8 Follower
• Chapter 9 Voice of the Unwanted Girl
• Chapter 10 South Delhi Murder

Rainbow Part 1 English Book Class 11 Solutions Read, Think and Enjoy

• Chapter 1 Three Days to See
• Chapter 2 Stonemasons, My Father and Me
• Chapter 3 Unemployed Hope
• Chapter 4 Lankapuri
• Chapter 5 Letter To Martha
• Chapter 6 Of Remembering God
• Chapter 7 Letter To Cork
• Chapter 8 I Am The Daughter of The Land of Dravida
• Chapter 9 Spring

Rainbow Part 1 English Book Class 11 Solutions Story of English

• Chapter 1 How English Began
• Chapter 2 English Down The Ages
• Chapter 3 Global English
• Chapter 4 Future of English
• Chapter 5 Story of English Poetry

English Book Class 11th Bihar Board 50 Marks Solutions

Bihar Board Class 11th English Book 50 Marks Solutions Prose

• Chapter 1 Our Own Civilization
• Chapter 2 With The Photographer
• Chapter 3 Good Manners
• Chapter 4 On Letter Writing
• Chapter 5 Forgetting
• Chapter 6 Robin

Bihar Board Class 11th English Book 50 Marks Solutions Poetry

• Poem 1 The Daffodils
• Poem 2 Echo
• Poem 3 If
• Poem 4 The Lake Isle of Innisfree
• Poem 5 Adlestrop
• Poem 6 Everyone Sang
• Poem 7 The Soldier
• David Copperfield

Bihar Board Class 11th English Grammar Writing

• Unseen Passages for Comprehension
• Essay Writing
• Precis Writing
• Report Writing
• Notice Writing
• Letters and Applications

Grammar

• Tenses
• Transformation of Sentences
• Reported Speech
• Modal Auxiliaries
• Active and Passive Voice
• Analysis
• Combination of Sentences
• Idioms and Phrases
• Translation

We believe the information shared regarding Bihar Board Class 11 English Book Solutions has shed some light on you. If you need any other help you can always leave us a comment via the comment section and we will get back to you at the soonest possibility. Bookmark our site for the latest updates on Bihar Board Solutions for different subjects in no time

Rainbow English Book Class 11 Solutions Story of English Chapter 5 Story of English Poetry

Check out the topics covered in Chapter before you start your preparation. Improve your grammar skills with the help of Bihar Board Class 11 English Book Solutions Chapter 5 Story of English Poetry Questions and Answers pdf links. The solutions for Bihar State Board Class 11 English Textbook are prepared by the English experts. So, if you follow Bihar Board Class 11 English Textbook Solutions you can cover all the topics in Chapter 5 Story of English Poetry. This helps to improve your communication skills.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Story of English Poetry Textual Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the statements given below:

(a) Words in a poem are used for …………………. and ………………….
(b) In his poetic words, Chaucer did not use the ………………….
(c) The word Renaissance means ………………….
(d) The three great poets of the Elizabethan period are …………………. and ………………….
(e) The faiery Queene is a ………………….
(f) Shakespeare’s Sonnet’s deal with ………………….
Answer:
(a) Words in a poem are used for their sound and images.
(b) In his poetic words, chaucer did not use the Old English irregular lines and alliteration.
(c) The word Renaissance means rebirth and refers to revival of ancient Greek learning.
(d) The three great poets of the Elizabethan period are Christopher Marlowe, Edum Spencer and William Shakespeare.
(e) The Faiery Queene is aromantic epic based on chivalry.
(f) Shakespeare’s Sonnets deal with tragic failure in love and broken friend-ship.

Answer these questions very briefly :

Question 1.
What does Langland do in “The Vision of the Piers the Plowman?
Answer:
Long man writes in his “The vision of Piers the Plowman” a series of dream visions and he attacks the social ills and urges men to “Learn to Love”.

Question 2.
When was the influence of the Renaissance felt clearly in England?
Answer:
The influence of The Renaissance was felt clearly in England during the period from the accession of Elizabeth in 1558 to the death of James-I in 1625.

Question 3.
Who wrote “Austrophel and Stella”?
Answer:
Sir Philip Sidney who was a noble man as well a talent for writing; wrote the beautiful Sonnet; – “A strohel and Stella” in 1591.

Question 4.
Name the two epics in English.
Answer:
The name of two epics are — “Paradise Lost” and “Paradise Regained”, written by John Milton.

Question 5.
Name four leading Romantic poets of the nineteenth century.
Answer:
Four leading Romantic poets of the nineteenth century were –
(i) James Thomson
(ii) Robert Blair
(iii) William Collins
(iv) Robert Burns

Question 6.
Who has described poetry as the criticism of life ?
Answer:
Mathew Arnold has described poety as the criticism of life.

Question 7.
Name any three Pre-Raphaelites poets.
Answer:
The three Pre-Raphaelites poets are –
(i) Date Gabriel Rossetti
(ii) William Morris
(iii) A.C, Swinburne.

Question 8.
What aspects of modern civilization does T.S. Eliot present in his poems?
Answer:
T.S. Eliot in his poems such as the, ‘The Love Song’ of J. Alfred Prufrock’ and “The Wasteland” presents the hollowness and vulgarity of the modem civilization, which does not hae any awareness of spritual values.

Question 9.
What were the two concerns of the American poets writing in English?
Answer:
The two concerns of the American poets writing in English were –
(i) to define the self
(ii) to identify the nation

Question 10.
What were the major concerns of the early Indian poets in English ?
Answer:
The major concerns of the early Indian poets were –
(i) patriotism
(ii) the glorious past of India.

Question 11.
Name four Canadian poets writing in English.
Answer:
Four Canadian poets writing in English are –
(i) Jeannethe Armstrong
(ii) Claire Harris
(iii) Cyril Dabydeen
(iv) Arnold Itwaru.

Question 12.
Discuss John Milton as a poet [Sample Paper2009 (A)]
Answer:
We know that John Milton is a great puritan poet. He is physically challenged but mentally agile, he is second only to Shakespeare. He lost his eye-sight but developed his insight. His style is called grand style, “Paradise lost” and “ParadiseTegained” are his well known epics. His literary reputation reminds us of Surdas in Hindi Literature. His rich sensibility is every inch obvious in his poems. In this way, John Miltan is an unforgettable literary giant in English.

Question 13.
Discuss William Wordsworth as a poet [Sample Paper 2009]
Answer:
Wiliam Wordsworth wrote lyrics; ballads, odes, sonnets, verse- tales and reflective poems. May it be “Lucy-Poems” or “The Prelude”, his love of nature is always prominent. Nature, for him, is a spiritual presence.. It provides creative training to human sensibility.

The Romantic Revival in English poetry is often associated with the work of Wiliam Wordsworth. The movement refers to a renewed interest in Nature and simple life.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 11 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Chapter 5 Story of English Poetry English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Notice Writing

1. Your school is organising a tour to Mumbai and Goa during the winter vacation. Write a notice giving detailed information to the students. You are Madhav/Madhavi, School Pupil Leader, Ram Mohan Roy Seminary.

Feb, 20

Ram Mohan Roy Seminary
Notice Board
Tour to Mumbai and Goa

Our school is organising a tour to Mumbai and Goa during the coming winter vacation. It will be a 10-day tour in which only students of the Senior Secondary classes are allowed to Join. The expenses for traveling, boarding and lodging shall be around Rs. 3000/-(three thousand only) per head. Those who want to join this tour should give their names to the undersigned by the length of this month. A non-objection note by the parents is a must.

RAUSHAN
Pupil Leader

2. You lost your wallet containing your valuable documents (passport, your certificates and a bunch of keys) while traveling by Puri Express from Patna to Puri. Write a notice for publishing in ‘The Times of India’ (Patna) under ‘Lost and Found’ column. You are Naresh of station Road, Patna.

Lost and Found

Lost my wallet of black colour containing some valuable documents, including my Board’s certificates of All India Senior Secondary Examination, passport and a bunch of keys on 25th June, 200 while traveling by Puri Express from Patna to Puri. The finder will be suitably rewarded.

Contact: Naresh,
Station Road,
Patna.

3. You are Pushkar, Darbhanga, As the Secretary of the Social Service league of your school, you have organized a cultural benefit show in aid of mentally handicapped children of your town Darbhanga. Write a notice in not more than 50 words for your school notice-board, giving necessary information about the program.

Social Service League
St. Secondary School, Darbhanga
Notice

You will be glad to know that the Social Service League of Sr. Secondary School is organizing a Cultural Benefit Show in aid of mentally handicapped
children of Darbhanga on 20th April 20 Entry is by tickets. The League will also distribute Donor Cards of Rs. 1000 and Rs. 500 to some distinguished industrialists and traders willing to patronise the benefit show. For tickets and Donor cards contact the undersigned on the working days from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The proceeds of the show will be donated to the Secretary, Society For Mentally Handicapped Children, Darbhanga.

Program:
Magic Show: 6 p.m.
Folk Dances: 6.30 p.m.
Dance Drama (Chandalika of Tagore): 7 p.m.
Puppet Show: 7.45 p.m.
Venue-Football Ground, Sr. Secondary School, Darbhanga

Pushkar
Secretary
10th April 2020

4. You are the Secretary of ABC Colony Welfare Association, Patna. Write a notice to be circulated to all the residents of the colony informing them that there will be no water supply in your colony on 24th and 25th of June, 20 due to maintenance work.

Welfare Association
ABC Colony, Patna

All the residents of ABC Colony, Patna are informed that there will be no water supply in the colony on 24th and 25th June 2009. Maintenance work has necessitated this step. The residents are advised to make necessary arrangements in advance.
Inconvenience is regretted.

S.N. Rao
Secretary 20th June, 20

5. You are the Principal, Senior Secondary School, Patna. Your school is introducing Commerce Section for XI and XII for the first time from July 2009. Draft a proper ‘Admission Notice’ for publication in a newspaper.

Admission Notice
Senior Secondary School, Patna

The school has decided to introduce Commerce Classes for XI and XII from July 15, 2020, There are only 100 seats for each class. Only students getting 60% or more marks in XI and XII need apply. The school will hold an Entrance Test on 5th July 2007 a 9 a.m. at the campus, Prospectus (Rs. 30/-) can be had from the school office on the working days.

Principal
Sr. Secondary School
Patna

6. Your school has just completed 25 years of its meritorious service to society. The Students’ Council of your school has decided to celebrate its Silver Jubilee. As President of the Council, write a notice in not more than 50 words for the students of your school, informing them about the Councils decision and seeking their co-operation for the success of the proposed Silver Jubilee Celebrations.

17 March 2020

Notice
Silver Jubilee Celebrations

It gives me great pleasure to inform all the students that our school has just completed 25 years of its meritorious service to society. On this happy. The occasion, the Students; Council has decided to celebrate the school’s Silver Jubilee with great pomp and circumstance. The kind co-operation of all of you is sought to make the celebrations a success. Please contact the undersigned with your suggestions.

Abhay Singh
President
D.A.V. College, Siwan

7. The Student’s Council of your school has organised an excursion to Ajanta and Elora for the students of class XII during Winter Breaks. As President of the Council writes a notice in not more than 50 words telling the students about this excursion and inviting their names for joining it.

3 March 2020

Notice
Excursion to Ajanta and Ellora

8. Yor the students of class XII, the Students’ Council or the school has organised an excursion to the Ajanta and Elora caves near Aurangabad in Maharashtra, during the coming Winter Break. It will be two days’ excursion and will cost about Rs. 1000/- each. Those who are willing to join should give their names to the undersigned by the tenth of this month.

Amardeep
President
Student’s Council
Patna High School, Patna

8. You are Robit/Rashi. As the Secretary of the Cultural Club of your school, you have organized a Culural Evening as a thanks giving programme on the last day of your school. Write a notice for your school notice board, giving necessary information about this event in not more then 50 words.

1 March 2020

Notice
Cultural Club

The cultural club of our school is holding a thanks giving programme on the excellent performance of the club during the year. The programme will be held on Saturday the 7 October, the last day of the school. All are coordially invited to attend the function in the school hall. The function will begin with ‘Yajan’ at 8 a.m. in the morning.

Rohit
Secretary
Cultural Club

9. You are Pushpak/Pooja. As Secretary of the Social Service League of your school, you have organized a cultural benefit show in aid of mentally handicapped children of your town, Vijayawada. Write a notice in not more than 50 words for your school notice-board, giving necessary information about the programme.

10 March 20
Notice
Social Service League . Patna Collegiate, Patna

The Social Service League of the school is holding a variety show in aid of, mentally handicapped children of our town. The show will be held of the 15th of April at 7 p.m. in the school hall. Many renowned artists of the state have been invited to take part in it. Tickets for the show can be had from the league office.

Pooja
Secretary
S.S. League

10. You are Rahul/Rashmi. As President of the Literary Club of your school you have organized an inter-school debate competition on the occasion of the silver Jubilee Celebrations of your school. Write a notice in about 50 words, informing the students of your school about the competition.

26 Feb. 20.

Notice
Literary Club

On the occasion of the Silver Jubilee Celebration of our school, the Literary Club of the school is holding an inter-school debate competition on the 28th of the month. The competition will be held in the school hall and will begin at 11 a.m. About fifteen teams are expected to take part in the competition. All are invited to attend.

Rahul Sharma
President
Literary Club

Rainbow English Book Class 11 Solutions Story of English Chapter 2 English Down The Ages

Check out the topics covered in Chapter before you start your preparation. Improve your grammar skills with the help of Bihar Board Class 11 English Book Solutions Chapter 2 English Down The Ages Questions and Answers pdf links. The solutions for Bihar State Board Class 11 English Textbook are prepared by the English experts. So, if you follow Bihar Board Class 11 English Textbook Solutions you can cover all the topics in Chapter 2 English Down The Ages. This helps to improve your communication skills.

Bihar Board Class 11 English English Down The Ages Textual Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements:
(a) English was once humble East Midland dialects.
(b) Old English covers AD 449-Ad 1066.
(c) Middle English did not borrow from French and Latin.
(d) The present era is the period of New Englishes.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True.

Answer these questions very briefly :

Question 1.
Which language is spoken by the maximum number of people ?
Answer:
Mandarin Chinese is spoken by the maximum number of people. An estimated 873,000,000 people holds this distinction.

Question 2.
Since when is the modern Language in use?
Answer:
Modem language is in use since A.D. 1500 on wards.

Question 3.
Which period characterised by inflection ?
Answer:
The old English period is characterised by inflections.

Question 4.
Why did the old English period fail to produce literature of much significance.
Answer:
The court patronage was lacking, as much literature produced during the age was not of much significance and the age came ot be known as the dark days.

Question 5.
When did the Great Vowel Shift take place?
Answer:
“The Great Vowel Shift” took place after the invention of printing press in 1476. At that time there was a considerable rise in literacy.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 11 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Chapter 2 English Down The Ages English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Translation

Question 1.
भारत किसानों का देश है। किसान अपने खेतों में कड़ी मेहनत करते हैं। उन्हें आराम करने का समय ही नहीं मिलता है। फिर भी उनकी आर्थिक स्थिति अच्छी नहीं है।
Answer:
India is a country of farmers. Farmers work hard in their fields. They do not get time even to rest. Evern then their financial condition is not good.

Question 2.
भारत एक विशाल देश है। इसका इतिहास सदियों पुराना है। यहाँ अनेक धर्मों के लोग रहते हैं। यहाँ अनेक भाषाएँ बोली जाती हैं। फिर भी सभी भारतीय हैं।
Answer:
India is a vast country. Its history is centuries old. People of several religions live here. Here several languages are spoken.

Question 3.
तुलसीदास एक महान कवि थे। उनकी अनेक रचनाओं में ‘रामचरितमानस’ सबसे अधिक लोकप्रिय है। यह ग्रन्थ भारतीयों के लिए विशेष महत्व रखता है। यह मात्र अयोध्या के राजा राम की कहानी नहीं, वरन भारतीय समाज का संपूर्ण चित्र प्रस्तुत करता है। भारत तुलसीदास का सदा ऋणी रहेगा।
Answer:
Tulsidas was a great poet. The Ramcharitmanas is most popular among his many works. This book has its special importance for Indians. This is not only the story of King Ram of Ayodhya but it also depicts a complete picture of Indian society. India will always (ever) remain indebted to Tulsidas.

Question 4.
पं० जवाहरलाल नेहरू अपने देश के महान नेता थे। संसार के महापुरुषों में उनकी गिनती होती थी। 1947 ई० में भारत स्वतंत्र हुआ। तब से लेकर अंतिम क्षण तक नेहरूजी भारत के प्रधानमंत्री बने रहे। वे एक कुशल शासक थे।
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was a great leader of his country. He was reckoned among the great men of the world. India got independence in 1947. Since then Nehruji remained the Prime Minister of India till the last breath of his life. He was an able administrator.

Question 5.
एक कौआ बहुत प्यासा था । वह पानी की खोज में इधर-उधर भटक रहा था। उसके कुछ दूरी पर एक घड़ा देखा। वह वहाँ गया । घड़े की तह में बहुत थोड़ा पानी था।
Answer:
A crow was very thirsty. It was flying about in search of water. It saw a pitcher at some distance. It flew to it. There was very little water at the bottom of the pitcher.

Question 6.
असफलता से हमें निराश नहीं होना चाहिए । सफलता और असफलता बहनें है। असफलत हमारी आँखें खोलती है। वह कमजोरियों को दिखाती है। उन्हें दूर कर हम पुनः सफल हो सकते हैं।
Answer:
We should not be disappointed at failures. Success and failure are sisters Failure opens up our eyes. It reveals our weakness. We can succeed again by removing them.

Question 7.
पुस्तकालय से अनेक लाभ है। इसके द्वारा हमारे ज्ञान की वृद्धि होती है। विभिन्न विषयों के ग्रन्थों के अध्ययन से हमारे ज्ञान का क्षेत्र बढ़ता है। हमारे देश के देहातों में पुस्तकालयों की बड़ी आवश्यकता है। देहात के लोगों के पास पुस्तक खरीदने के लिए पैसे नहीं है।
Answer:
There are several advantages of a library. It develops our knowledge. the sphere of our knowledge increases by the study of books on different subjects. Libraries are greatly needed in the villages of our country. The people of village have no money to buy books.

Question 8.
कुछ लोग खेलकूद को बुरा मानते हैं। वे समझते हैं कि इससे समय नष्ट होता है। किन्तु यह उनका भ्रम है। खेलना एक प्रकार का व्यायाम है। इससे शरीर में बल आता है।
Answer:
Some people consider games and sports to be bad. They think that time is wasted on them. But this is their mistake. Playing is a kind of exercise. It gives strength to the body.

Question 9.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) मैं गाँव में रहता हूँ।
(b) मेरे माता-पिता बूढ़े हैं ।
(c) मेरे गाँव में एक मंदिर है ।
(d) मेरे माता-पिता प्रतिदिन मन्दिर जाते हैं ।
(e) मंदिर के सामने मैदान है।
Answer:
(a) I live in a village.
(b) My parents are old.
(c) There is an temple in my village.
(d) My parents go to the temple daily.
(e) There is a field in front of the temple.

Question 10.
Translate the following sentence into English :[Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) मैं भारतीय हूँ।
(b) मैं गाँव में रहता हूँ।
(c) मैं गाँव में रहना पसंद करता हूँ।
(d) गाँव की अबोहवा स्वास्थ्यप्रद है।
(e) मैं कभी-कभी शहर भी जाता हूँ।
Answer:
(a) I am Indian.
(b) I live in a village.
(c) I like to live in a village.
(d) The climate of village is healthy.
(e) Sometimes I go to city also.

Question 11.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) मेरा नाम चंदन है ।
(b) मेरे दोस्त का नाम हामिद है ।
(c) हम दोनों एक ही वर्ग में पढ़ते हैं।
(d) साथ-साथ स्कूल जाते हैं।
(e) शाम को एक साथ फुटबाल खेलते हैं।
Answer:
(a) My name is Chandan.
(b) The name of my friend is Hamid.
(c) We both study in the same class.
(d) We go to school together.
(e) We play football together in the evening.

Question 12.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) मैं कल नालंदा जाऊंगा ।
(b) मैं बस से जाऊंगा ।
(c) नालंदा ऐतिहासिक स्थल है ।
(d) मेरे साथ मेरे कुछ साथी भी जाएंगे।
(e) हमलोग शाम तक लौट आएंगे।
Answer:
(a) I shall go to Nalanda tomorrow.
(b) I shall go by bus.
(c) Nalanda is a historical place.
(d) A few friends of mine will go with me.
(e) We shall retum by the evening.

Question 13.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) पटना बिहार की राजधानी है ।
(b) प्राचीन काल में इस शहर का नाम पाटलिपुत्र था।
(c) यह शहर शिक्षा का केन्द्र है।
(d) आज का पटना आठ-दस मील लम्बा है।
(e) इस शहर के उत्तर में गंगा नदी बहती है और दक्षिण में पुनपुन नदी ।
Answer:
(a) Patna is the capital of Bihar.
(b) In ancient times, the name of this city was patliputra.
(c) This town is the centre of education.
(d) The Patna of today is eight to ten miles long.
(e) The Ganga flows to the north of the city and Punpun to the South.

Question 14.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Board Exam. 2009 (Arts)]
(a) भारत एक कृषि प्रधान देश है।
(b) यहाँ की 80 प्रतिशत जनता कृषि पर निर्भर करती है।
(c) किसान हमें अन्न देते है।
(d) हमें खिसानौं की मदद करनी चाहिए
(e) उन्हें उन्नत बीज और उन्नत मशीन देकर हम उनकी मदद कर सकते हैं।
Answer:
(a) India is a agricultural country.
(b) 80 Percent people here depend on agriculture.
(c) Farmers provide us food grains.
(d) We should help the farmers.
(e) We can help them providing high quality seeds and inproved machinery.

Question 15.
Translate the following sentence into English: [Board Exam. 2009]
(a) मैं गाँव में रहता हूँ।
(b) मेरा गाँव पटना से नजदीक है।
(c) मुझे ग्रामीण जीवन बहुत पसंद है।
(d) मेरे घर के पीछे जंगल है।
(e) मैं प्रतिदिन वहाँ टहलने जाता हूँ।
Answer:
(a) I live in a village.
(b) My village is close to Patna.
(c) I very much like the village life.
(d) There is a forest behind my house.
(e) I go there daily for a walk.

Question 16.
Translate the passage given below into English : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
(a) मेरे पिताजी नालंदा में रहते हैं।
(b) वे एक स्कूल में पढ़ाते हैं।
(c) नालंदा ऐतिहासिक जगह है।
(d) यह हमरी सांस्कृति धरोहर है।
(e) मेरे पिताजी मेरे मन की बात समझते हैं।
Answer:
(a)My father lives at Nalanda.
(b) He teches in a school.
(c)Nalanda is a historical place.
(d) It is our cultural asset.
(e) My father understands, What I think and feel.

Question 17.
Translate the passage given below into English : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
(a) यह ताजमहल है।
(b) यह शहजहाँ के प्रेम की निशानी है ।
(c) शाहजहाँ ने इसे मुमताज को यादगार में बनवाया था।
(d) यह विश्व के सात आश्चर्यों में से एक है ।
(e) लाखों व्यक्ति प्रतिवर्ष इसे देखने आते हैं।
Answer:
(a) This is Tajmahal.
(b) It is the sign of Shajhehan’s love.
(c) Sahjehan built it is the memory of Mumtaj.
(d) It is amount the seven wonders of the world.
(e) Lacs of people go to see it every year.

Question 18.
“Translate the passage given below into English: [Model Paper 2010 (A)]
(a) मेरी माँ मुझे बहुत प्यार करती है।
(b) वह मुझे कभी मारती नहीं।
(c) वह मेरी एक अच्छी मित्र है।
(d) वह पढ़ाई में मेरी मदद करती है।
(e) मैं भी उसे बहुत प्यार करता हूँ।
Answer:
(a) My mother loves me much.
(b) She never beats me.
(c) She is my good friend.
(d) She helps me in my studies.
(e) I also love her much.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 11 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Translation English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Reported Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech

Narration का अर्थ है कथन । इसे अंग्रेजी में इस प्रकार कह सकते हैं –
Narration means to narrate something said by someone.

अर्थात् किसी की कही गई बातों का वर्णन करना ही Narration कहलाता है।

अंग्रेजी में किसी के कथन को व्यक्त करने के दो तरीके हैं –

1. वक्ता के कथन को हू-ब-हू उसी रूप में व्यक्त करना
2. वक्ता के कथन को अपने शब्दों में व्यक्त करना ।

जब हम वक्ता के कथन को उसी के शब्दों में व्यक्त करते हैं तो Direct Narration या Speech कहते हैं। जब हम उसे अपने शब्दों में न व्यक्त करते हैं तो उसे Indirect Narration कहते हैं।

इन वाक्यों को पढ़े और देखें कि इनमें क्या अन्तर है –
Ramesh said, “I am going home.”… (Direct speech)
Ramesh said that he was going home. (Indirect speech)

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में Inverted Commas (“”) के भीतर वक्ता के कथन को ज्यों-का-त्यों उसी के शब्दों में रखा गया है। इसलिए यह Direct Narration में है। दूसरे वाक्य में वक्ता के कथन को उसके शब्दों में नहीं व्यक्त कर हमने अपने शब्दों में व्यक्त किया है, अतः यह Indirect Narration में है।

Direct Narration वाले वाक्य के दो हिस्से होते हैं। जो भाग Inverted commas के भीतर होता है उसे Reported speech तथा जो भाग बाहर होता है उसे Reporting verb कहा जाता है। लेकिन, Inverted commas के बाहर का सब हिस्सा verb नहीं है सिर्फ said ही . verb है।

Direct Speech से Indirect Speech में बदलने के नियम –

Rule (i) यदि Reporting verb Present या Future tense में हो तो Reported speech के tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है; जैसे –

(a) He says, ” I want to play in the morning.”
He says that he wants to play in the morning.

(b) He will say, “I am listening to radio.”
He will say that he is listening to radio.

Rule (ii) यदि Reporting verb Past tense में है और Reported speech का Present या Future tense उसी form में Past tense में बदल जाता है ; जैसे –

(a) He said to me, “I am going home.”
He told me that he was going home.

(b) He said to me, “I shall help you”.
He told me that he would help me.

(c) The boy said to me, “I have come just now”.
The boy told me that he had come just then.

(d) He said, “I have been talking for two hours”.
He said that he had been talking for two hours.

(e) I said to him, “I am glad to see you here”.
I told him that I was glad to see him there.”

Rule (iii) यदि Reporting verb Past tense में हो और Reported speech में कोई Universal truth (शश्वत सत्य) हो तो Indirect Narration में उसका tense नहीं बदलता जैसे –

(a) He said, “The earth is round.”
He said that the earth is round.

(b) He said, “Man is mortal.”
He said that man is mortal.

ऊपर के दोनों वाक्यों में हम देखते हैं कि Indirect Narration में बदलने के बाद भी tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं हुआ।

Rule (iv) यदि Reporting verb Past tense में हो तथा Reported speech भी Past tense में हो तो Reported speech का Past indefinite Past perfect में बदल जाता है। Past continuous, Past perfect continuous में बदल जाता है । अर्थात् पहला form तीसरे form में चला जाता है और दूसरा form चौथे form में Past perfect और Past perfect continuous में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता; जैसे –

He said, “I went home yesterday.”
He said that he had gone home the previous day.
He said, “I saw him going to cinema yesterday.”
He said that he had seen him going to cinema the previous day.
He said to me, “I was playing cricket in the morning.”
He told me that he had been playing cricket in the morning.
I said to him, “I was listening to radio.”
I told him that I had been listening to radio.

Past perfect और Past perfect continuous Reported speech में रहने पर कोई परिवर्तन tense में नहीं होता है; जैसे –

He said, “I had met him long ago.”
He said that he had met him long ago.
He said, “I had been living in Patna for four years.”
He said that he had been living in Patna for four years.

जब Reporting verb Past tense में रहता है तब Reported speech में केवल verb का tense ही नहीं बदलता वरन् Reported speech में जिगने भी निकटतासूचक Verbs, Adjectives और Adverbs रहते हैं, उन्हें दूरीसूचक शब्दों में बदल दिया जाता है; जैसे –

Examples:
He said, “I will go tomorrow.”
He said that he vould go next day.
He said, “I have been living here since last night.”
He said that he had been living there since the previous night.

Special Rules

Special Rules : भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार के वाक्यों के लिए भिन्न-भिन्न हैं।

Sentence कई तरह के होते हैं, जैसे-Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Optative और Exclamatory हैं Interrogative sentence को Indirect speech में नेम्नलिखित ढंग से बदला जाएगा :

Interrogative sentence में दो तरह से प्रश्न किए जाते हैं। कुछ प्रश्नों के आरम्भ में Auxiliary verbs रहते हैं और कुछ प्रश्नों में Question words रहते हैं।

1. सबसे पहले Auxiliary verbs.से आरम्भ होनेवाले प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों को Indirect speech में बदलने के नियम –

Auxiliaries से शुरू होनेवाले Questions को Direct से Indirect speech में बदलते समय General rules के अनुसार Verb का tense तथा Pronoun का person आदि बदलने के बाद कछ और नियमों का पालन किया जाता है।
(i) Said को asked में बदल जाता है।
(ii)Reported speech को that से शुरू नहीं किया जाता है, बल्कि if या whether से शुरू किया जताा है।
(iii) If या whether के बाद subject और तब verb रखा जाता है अर्थात् Indirect Narration में Interrogative वाक्य Assertive हो जाता है।
(iv) प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न (Mark of Interrogation) को हटा दिया जाता है और प्रश्न के चिह्न की जगह Full stop दिया जाता है; जैसे –

He said to me, “Are you going away today?”
He asked me if I was going away that day.
He said to me, “Can you do the work ?”
He asked me if I could do the work.
He said to his friend, “Are you well today?”
He asked his friend if he was well that day.

Interrogrative sentences beginning with question words in reported speech –

कुछ Questions who, which, why, how, where, what से शुरू होते हैं ऐसे वाक्यों को Indirect speech में बदलने में if या whether नहीं लगता परन्तु said को asked में बदलना पड़ता है एक Conjunction की जगह उसी प्रश्न सूचक शब्द का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे –

He said, to me, “What are you doing?
He asked me what I was doing.
He said to his friend, “Where are you going ?”
He asked his friend where he was going.

ऊपर के वाक्यों को ध्यानपूर्वक देखने से यह स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि इन वाक्यों में Inverted Commas का लोप तो हो गया है लेकिन That का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है । Said को asked में बदल दिया गया है। यदि say रहे तो Present tense में ask या asks में बदल देते हैं।

2. Imperative Sentence को IndirectNarration में बदलने के नियम Imperative sentence से आदेश, प्रार्थना, विनती, सुझाव, सलाह, मनाही का भाव व्यक्त होता है।

Imperative sentence में व्यक्त भाव के अनुसार Reporting verb को order, request, ask, advise, forbid (मना करना) इत्यादि में बदल देते हैं।

Imperative verb को Infinitive verb में बदल देते हैं अर्थात् verb के Present form के पहले to लगा देते हैं। इसलिए इसमें that का प्रयोग नहीं होता है; जैसे –

He said to his servant, “Go away at once.”
He ordered his servant to go away at once.
He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen.”
He requested his friend to lend him his pen.
The doctor said to the patient. “Take exercise daily.”
The doctor advised the patient to take exercise daily.
The father said to his son. “Do not live in bad compnay.”
The father forbade his son to live in bad company.
The teacher said to the boys. “Keep quiet.”
The teacher asked the boys to keep quiet.

3.Optative sentence को Indirect Narration में बदलने के नियम –

Optative sentence इच्छासूचक वाक्य May से शुरू होते हैं । इनसे कोई इच्छा (wish), आशीर्वाद (blessing), अभिशाप (curse), प्रार्थना (prayer) का भाव व्यक्त होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों में Reported speech में व्यक्त भाव के अनुसार Reporting verb को wish, curse, bless, pray इत्यादि में निम्नांकित तरीके से बदला जाता है। इसमें that का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे –

He said to me, “May you be happy !”
He wished that I might be happy.
He said to me, “May God bless you !”
He prayed that God might bless me.
He said to me, “May you live long !”
He wished that I might live long,
He said to him, “May you go to hell !”
He cursed him that he might go to hell.

4. Exclamatory Sentence को Indirect.Narration के बदलने के नियम –

Exclamatory sentence में किसी प्रबल आवेग (strong emotion) को अभिव्यक्ति होती है। यह आवेग हर्ष (joy), विषाद (sorrow), आश्चर्य (surprise), तिरस्कार (contempt), घृणा (hatred), प्रशंसा (applause) आदि का हो सकता है। ऐसे वाक्यों को Indirect speech में निम्नांकित ढंग से बदला जाता है –

(i) Said को Exclaimed में बदल देते हैं। Exclamatory sentence में व्यक्त भाव के अनुसार Exclaimed with joy, with sorrow, with wonder इत्यादि का प्रयोग करते हैं।
(ii) इसमें that का प्रयोग होता है
(iii) Exclamatory words जैसे – Ah, Hurrah, Alas, Fie को हटा देते हैं ।
(iv) Exclamation का चिह्न भी हटा देते है और Exclamatory sentence Assertive में बदल जाता है जैसे –

He said, “Hurrah ! we are going home.”
He exclaimed with joy that they were going home.
She said, “Alas ! I am ruined.”
She exclaimed with sorrow that she was ruined.
The teacher said to the boys, “Well done !”
The teacher exclaimed with 2dmiration that the boys had done well.
He said, “What a beautiful flower it is !”
He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful flower.

Good morning! Good evening ! Good bye ! Good night ! रहने पर said को bade में बदल देते हैं; जैसे –

He said to me, “Good morning !”
He bade me good morning.
He said, “Good bye my friends !”
He bade good bye to his friends.
He said to me, “Good night !”
He bade me good night.

Indirect speech में कभी Thank you! रहता है। ऐसी स्थिति में thank को Past tense में बदल देते हैं जैसे –

I said, “Thank you !”
I thanked him.

Sentences beginning with Let

Let से आरम्भ होनेवाले sentences से दो तरह के भाव व्यक्त होते हैं-प्रस्ताव का भाव और अनुमति का भाव । कहीं-कहीं इससे Command का भाव भी व्यक्त होता है।

जहाँ प्रस्ताव का भाव व्यक्त रहता है वहाँ said को proposed में बदल देते हैं और जहाँ अनुमति का भाव व्यक्त रहता है वहाँ said को requested में बदल देते हैं; यदि इससे command का भाव व्यक्त होता हो तो said को ordered में बदल देते हैं।

कुछ उदाहरणों को देखें –

Direct-He said to his friends. “Let us go home.”
Indirect—He proposed to his friends that they should go home. यहाँ प्रस्ताव है।
Direct-He said to the teacher, “Let me go home.”
Indirect-He requested the teacher to allow him to go home. इसमें अनुमति मांगी गई है।

नीचे command का भाव व्यक्त करनेवाले एक उदाहरण को देखें –
Direct-He said to his servant, “Let the boy go home.”
Indirect – He ordered his servant to let the boy go home.
कहीं-कहीं इससे Speaker की इच्छा का भी बोध होता है; जैसे –
Direct – He said, “Let her rest in peace.”
Indirect -He wished that she should rest in peace.
Direct – He said to me, “Let me help you.”
Indirect – He wished that he should help me.

Important Questions Solved

(A) Assertive Sentences

Rewrite the following into indirect form of speech :

1. He said to her, “You were absent yesterday.” – He told her that she was absent previous day.
2. He said, “It was nine days wonder.” – He said that it had been nine days wonder.
3. The boy said to me. “You are my best friend.”- The boy told me that I was his (boy) best friend.
4. The teacher said in the class, “India is an independent country.” – The teacher said in the class that India is an independent country.
5. The teacher said, “The Ganga is a beautiful river.” – The teacher said that the Ganga is a beautiful river.
6. The old man said. “The sun rises in the east.” – The old man said that the sun rise in the east.
7. The teacher said, “The earth is round.” – The teacher said that the earth is round.
8. The teacher said, “When the cat is away, the mice will play.” – The teacher said that when the cat is away mice will play.
9. “I loved my father well” said the son. – The son said that he had loved his father well.
10. The teacher said, “Honesty pays in the long run.” – The teacher said that honesty pays in the long run.
11. Hermia siad, “I am going to leave Athens.” – Hermia said that she was going to to leave Athens.
12. The sage told me, “No one can steal your knowledge.” – The sage told me that no one can steal my knowledge.

(B) Imperative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

1. He said to me, ”Please give me a book. – He requested me to give him a book.
2. She said to me. “Do not sit here.” – She forbade me to sit there.
3. The teacher said to Gopal, “Bring a glass of water.” – The teacher asked Gopal to bring a glass of water.
4. The mother said to her daughter, “Go to the market.” – The mother asked her daugher to go the market.
5. He said to me, “go home.” – He asked me to go home.
6. The student said to the teacher, “Please help me.” – The student requested the teacher to help him.
7. The teacher said, “Sit down. boy.” – The teacher ordered the boy to sit down.
8. The student said to the teacher, “Please allow me leave for two day.” – The student requested the teacher to allow him leave for two days.

(C) Interrogative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

1. The poet said to the little girl, “Where are your brothers and sisters?” – The poet asked the little girls where her brothers and sisters were.
2. The beggar said to me, “Will you lead me to the station ?” – The beggar asked me if I would lead him to the station.
3. Ravi said to me, “Are you going to the market now?” – Ravi asked me if I was going to the market then.
4. “Whom do you want”, He said to me. – He asked me as to whom I wanted.
5. He said to me, “What do you want ?” – He asked me what I wanted.
6. He said to us, “Do you know me ?” – He asked us if we knew him

(D) Optative Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

1.(a)He said to me, “May you succeed?” – He wished that I might succeed.
(b) He said to me, “May you live long?” – He wished that I might live long.
(c) The father said to his son, “May God help you !” – The father prayed that God might help his son.
(d) He said, “May God pardon this sinner!” – He prayed that God would pardon that sinner.

2(a) The priest said to me, you live long !” – “May The priest wished that I might live long.
(b) He said to me, “May God Bless you !” – He prayed that God might bless me.
(c) He said to me, “May you be happy !” – He wished that I might be happy.
(d) I said to him, “May you be blessed with a son !” – I wished that he might be, blessed with a son.
(e) The saint said, “May God grant him a long life! – The saint prayed that God might grant him a long life.

(E) Exclamatory Sentences

Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

1.(a) The Poet said, “How beautiful is the moon !” – The poet exclaimed with aplarn that the moon was very beautiful.
(b) He said to Ram, “What a man he is !” – He exclaimed with surprise that he was a strange man.
(c) The players said, “Hurrah ! we have a great victory.” – The players exclaimed with joy that they had a great victory.
(d) He said to me, he is !” – “What a man He exclaimed that he was a wonderful man ?
(e) The farmer said, “What a loss !” – The farmer exclaimed with sorrow that it was a great loss.
(f) “What a clever disguise !” said the princess. – The princess exclaimed with wonder that it was a very clever dis guise

2.(a)The Principal said, “Well done, boys !” – The Principal admired the boys and exclaimed that they had done well.
(b) Sonu said, “What a beautiful sight it is!” – Sonu exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful sight.
(c) He said, “Good morning!” – He wished me good morning.
(d) He said, “How dark the night is !” – He exclaimed with surprise that the night was very dark.

3.(a) The girl said, “What a fine morning!” – The girl exclaimed that it was a very fine morning.
(b) He said, “What a fine place it is ?” – He exclaimed with wonder that it was fine morning.
(c) She said, “What a fool I am !” – She exclaimed with regret that she was a great fool.
(d) He said, “How clever I am!” – He exclaimed that he was very clever.

Miscellaneous Exercises Solved

Question 1.
Turn the following into Indirect Narration :-[Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. He says, “Ram will come tomorrow”
2. He said to me, “You have never helped me”.
3. They will say, “We are happy at the turn of events”

Answer:

1. He says that Ram will come tomorrow.
2. He told me that I had never helped him.
3. They will say that they are happy at the turn of events.

Question 2.
Turn the following into Indirect Narration :-[Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. Ram said to me, “can you sing this song” ?
2. The king said to the soldier, “Kill the enemy”.
3. He said to Nehru, “May you like long”.

Answer:

1. Ram asked me if I could sing that song.
2. The king ordered the soldier to kill the enemy.
3. He wished Nehru that he might live long.

Question 3.
Turn the following into Reported speech :- [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. The teacher said, “The Earth moves round the sun.”
2. She said to me, “I like music.”
3. The examinar asked, “Have you read the text-book ?”

Answer:

1. The teacher said that the Earth moves round the sun.
2. She told me that she liked music.
3. The examiner asked if they had read the text-book.

Question 4.
Change the following in Reported speech :- [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. They said, “We are going to Rajgir on New Year’s Day.”
2. The child said, “Two and two makes four.”
3. I said to Moti, “When will the college reopen ?”

Answer:

1. They said that they were going to Rajgir on New Year’s Day.
2. The child said that two and two makes four.
3. I asked Moti when the college would reopen.

Question 5.
Turn the following into Indirect speech :- [Model Paper 2009 (A)]

1. He said, “Well, Ram, you did very well.”
2. He said to me, “What are you doing these days ?”
3. Radha said to me, “Do this work at once.”

Answer:

1. He told Ram that he had done very well.
2. He asked me what I was doing those days.
3. Radha told me to do that work at once.

Question 6.
Turn the following in Indirect speech : [Board Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.]

1. He said, “Let me sleep well tonight.”
2. “What am I to do, sir?” said Rupesh.
3. He said, “I shall go as soon as it is possible.

Answer:

1. He wished that he should sleep well that night.
2. Rupesh asked as to what he had to do.
3. He told me that he would go as soon as it was possible.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 11 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Grammar Reported Speech English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Combination of Sentences

(Conversion of Sentences)

एक Sentence (वाक्य) या Clause को तथा दूसरे sentence या clause को दूसरे वाक्य में बदलने की क्रिया को conversion of sentence कहते हैं।

Sentence और Clause में अन्तर

Sentence : A sentence is a group of words put together according to the rules of Grammar. A sentence has a subject and a finite verb.

शब्दों के किसी ऐसे समूह को वाक्य कहा जाता है जो अर्थ को पूर्ण रूप से स्पष्ट करता हो। वाक्य में एक कर्ता और एक क्रिया अवश्य रहती है।

जैसे – He went home yesterday.

Clause : A Clause is part of a sentence. एस शब्द समूह को clause (उपवाक्य __ या पद्) कहा जाता है जो किसी पूर्ण वाक्य का अंश हो तथा जिसका अपना अलग subject और predicate हो । जैसे – He is the man who is honest.

इसमें वाक्य (Sentence) में He is the man. एक clause हुआ और who is honest भी एक clause हुआ। दोनों clause मिलने पर एक वाक्य बना।

Kinds of Sentence –

Sentence के मुख्यतः चार भाग होते हैं –
(1) Simple Sentence
(2) Compound Sentence
(3) Complex Sentence
(4) Mixed Sentence

(1) Simple Sentence: जिस वाक्य का केवल एक ही Clause हो उसे Simple Sentence कहा जाता है, जैसे –
1. The boy broke his leg.
2. She washed her clothes.

(2) Compound Sentence: जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अंधिक अनाश्रित उपवाक्य (Clauses) हों, उसे Compound Sentence कहा जाता है, उदाहरण के रूप में –
1. Sita saw Ram and she became happy.
2. You must work hard or you will fail.
3. Many were called, but few were chosen.
Compound Sentence के प्रत्येक Clause को Co-ordinate clause कहा जाता है।

(3) Complex Sentence (मिश्रित वाक्य): जिस वाक्य में एक मुख्य-वाक्य (Principal Clause) हो तथा एक या एक से अधिक आश्रित वाक्य (Subordinate Clauses) हों,

उसे Complex Sentence कहा जाता है। Principal Clause को Mair Clause भी कहा जाता है।

Sub-ordinate Clause को Dependent Clause भी कहा जाता है।

जैसे-The company that supplied goods has failed. यह complex sentence है ।

(4) Mixed Sentence: Mixed Sentence में कम-से-कम दो Principal Clause रहते हैं और कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause. इन नियमों का सदा ध्यान रखें –

1. Simple Sentence – One Principal Clause.
2. Compound Sentence – At least two Principal Clause.
3. Complex Sentence – Principal Clause + Subordinate Clauses.
4. Mixec Sentence – Compound + Subordinate Clause.

तो, इससे यह स्पष्ट है कि Simple Sentence को एक Mixed Sentence बनाने के लिए __ आपको उन्हीं नियमों की सहायता लेनी पड़ेगी जो Compound और Complex Sentence के सम्बन्धों में बताये गये हैं। आप Co-ordinating और Subordinating Conjunctions के द्वारा यह काम आसानी से कर सकते हैं, जिसकी चर्चा पहले ही हो गयी है।

Exercise

Combine each set of Simple Sentence into a Compound Sentence :

1. He is rich. He leads an unhappy life.
2. The train is about to leave. We should get into the train.
3. He works in a college. He manages his farm.
4. My marriage will take place in April. If it does not, it will take place in October.
5. You must help him in his studies. If you don’t, he will fail.
6. Kapil Dev is a good bowler. Kapil Dev is a good batsman.
7. I will not go to Srinagar. I will not go to Bangalore.
8. The day dawned. The birds began to chirp.
9. Keep quiet. I shall turn you out of the room.
10. We do not borrow money. We do not lend money.

Answers:

1. He is rich but he leads an unhappy life.
2. The train is about to leave, therefore, we should get into it.
3. He both works in a college and manages his farm.
   Or,
   He not only works in a college but also manages his farm.
4. My marriage will take place either in April or in October.
5. You must help him in his studies, or otherwise) he will fail.
6. Kapil Dev is both a good bowler and a good batsman.
   Or,
   Kapil Dev is not only a good bowler but also a good batsman.
7. I will go neither too Srinagar nor to Bangalore.
8. The day dawned and the birds began to chirp.
9. Keep quiet, (or, otherwise) I shall turn you out of the room.
10. We neither borrow nor lend money.

Simple Sentences into a Complex Senence

आप जानते हैं कि Complex Sentence में केवल एक ही Principal Clause होता है __ और उसमें कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause भी रहता है। इसलिए Simple Sentence को जोड़कर उन्हें एक Complex Sentence बनाते समय उसमें एक ही Principal Clause रखें और अन्य वाक्यों को Subordinate Clause का रूप दे दें।

Subordinate Clause तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause
3. Adverb Clause

ये तीनों प्रकार के Subordinate Clauses Relative Pronouns/Relative Adverbs/Subordinating Conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं जिनमें से मुख्य हैं –

that, who, which, what, because, since, so that, in order, that, as, as if, as soon as, though, before, after, if, when, where, till, until.

किस Subordinating Conjunction का प्रयोग कहाँ और कब होता है या (दूसरे शब्दों में) कब और कहाँ Noun Clause या Adjective Clause या AdverbClause का प्रयोग करके वाक्यों को Complex Sentence बनाया जाता है, यह वाक्यों के अर्थ पर ही निर्भर करता है। यह काम इन नियमों की सहायता से आसानी से कर ले सकते हैं –

How to Use Adverb Clause

Rule I. यदि वाक्यों से मालूम हो कि उनके बीच cause (कारण), condition (शर्त), – constrast (विरोध), compariso (तुलना), time (समय) या place (स्थान) का सम्बन्ध है, तो Adverb Clause के द्वारा वाक्यों को जोड़ना चाहिए इन्हें देखे –

1. He succeeded. He laboured hard.
Combined : He succeeded because he laboured hard.

2. He has been very unfortunate. He is always cheerful.
Combined : Though he has been very unfortunate, he is always cheerful.

3. He is a clever boy. No other boy in the class is more clever.
Combined : No other boy in the class is cleverer than he is.

4. You must sign your name. He will then agree to your terms.
Combined : He will agree to your terms, if you sign your name.

5. Men may sow much or little. They will reap accordingly.
Combined : Men will reap according as they sow much or little.

इन वाक्यों को Adverb Clauses के द्वारा जोड़कर Complex Sentence बनाये गये हैं। पहले दो वाक्यों में cause का सम्बन्ध है। इसलिए इन्हें because के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। दूसरे दो वाक्यों के बीच contrast का सम्बन्ध है और तीसरे दो वाक्यों के बीच comparision का । अतः दूसरं दो वाक्यों को though के द्वारा और तीसरे दो वाक्यों को than के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। चौथं दो वाक्यों से condition का बांध होता है। इसलिए इन्हें if के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। . पाँचवें वाक्य सं manner बतलाया गया है। इसलिए इस according as के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है ।

Rule II. समय (time) का बोध करानेवाले वाक्यों को इनकी सहायता से जोड़ा जाता है-after, before, until.

इन वाक्यों को लें

1. He finished the work. Than he went out.
Answer:
He went out after he had finished the work

2. I wrote a letter. Then I read the newspaper.
Answer:
I read the newspaper after I had written a letter. Or, I had written a letter before I read the newspaper.

3. I finished the book. Then I went to bed.
Answer:
I went to bed after I had finished the book. Or, I had finished the book before I went to bed.

4. The bus stopped. Then I got off.
Answer:
I did not get off the bus until it stopped.

5. She finished the work. Then she went out.
Answer:
She did not go out until she finished the work.

इन नियमों का ध्यान रखें –

1. पहले समाप्त होनेवाले कार्य के साथ before का प्रयोग होता है, पर बाद में समाप्त होनेवाले कार्य के साथ after आता है।
2. Until से आरम्भ होनेवाले clause में not नहीं आता, पर Principal Clause में not का प्रयोग होता है।

How to Use Adjective Clause

1. Adjective Clause के द्वारा भी Simple Sentences को जोड़कर एक Complex Sentence बना जाता है। यदि वाक्य में किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की चर्चा हो जाए और अन्य वाक्यों में उसी के गुणों पर प्रकाश डाला जाय, तो Adjective Clause बनाने के लिए who, which, that, when या where का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे –

I suffered anxiety. The anxiety was extreme.
Combind : The anxiety that I suffered was extreme.

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में anxiety के विषय में बताया गया है और दूसरे में उसी पर और प्रकाश डाला गया है। इसलिए उन्हें Adjective Clause के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है। एक और उदाहरण लें –

A small house stood at the foot of the hill. We stayed there for the night.

Combined : We stayed for the night at a small house which stood at the foot of the hill.

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में house की चर्चा हुई है और दूसरे में उसी पर प्रकाश डाला गया है। (We stayed there for the night.)। इसलिए इन्हें भी Adjective Clause के द्वारा जोड़ा गया है।

इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –

1. He had received a good education. This raised him above many men.
Combined : The good education that he had received raised him above many men.

2. That is the house. He was born there.
Combined : That is the house where he was born.

3. This is the book. I wanted to buy it
This is the book that I wanted to buy.

4. Daniel came alive out of the den. In that den lion were kept.
Combined : Daniel came alive out of the den in which lions were kept.

Note : Who/Which/That के द्वारा जब Adjective Clause बनाया जाता है, तब इनका अर्थ हिन्दी में कोई भी ऐसे शब्द से होता है जो ‘ज’ से आरम्भ होता है; जैसे-‘जो’ ‘जिस’ आदि । विशेष जानकारी के लिए Analysis के अध्याय को देखें।

How to Use Noun Clause

Rule I. जब तक Simple Sentence के कथन (fact, opinion, belief, hope आदि) को दूसरे में स्वीकार (affirm) या अस्वीकार (deny) किया जाता है, तब ये that के द्वारा जोड़े जाते हैं। ऐसा that + clause होता है; Noun Clause और यह वाक्य हो जाता है Complex; जैसे –

(1) Better luck may be in store for us. We hope so.
Combined : We hope that better luck may be in store for us.

(2) He is honest. I know this.
Combined : I know that he is honest.

इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –

(1) He is honest. I do not doubt it.
Combined: I do not doubt that he is honest.

(2) He will come today. I am sure of it.
Combined: I am sure that he will come today.

(3) You have acted wrongly. I believe so.
Combined : I believe that you have acted wrongly.

(4) A lazy man injures no one but himself. This is not ture.
Combined : It is not true that a lazy man injures no one but himself.

(5) Someone has been making a great noise. I should like to know the person.

Combined : I should like to know who has been making a great noise.

Note :- ऐसे वाक्यों को जोड़ने पर it/this/that/so का लोप हो जाता है।

Rull II. Simple Sentence को इन शब्दों की सहायता से जोड़ा जाता है –

who, which, whom, whose, what, when, where, why, how, if, whether,

इन्हें जोड़ने पर who + clause/which +clause आदि Noun clasue होते हैं और पूरा वाक्य complex बन जाता है।

Assertive + Interrogative = Assertive + Assertive; जैसे –
1. I don’t know. Who is she? = I don’t know who she is.
2. I can’t say. Is he ill ? = I can’t say if/whether he is ill.

Imperative + Interrogative = Imperative + Assertive; जैसे –
1. Tell me, Where is he? = Tell me where he is.
2. Inform me. When will he come ? = Inform me when he will come.

Interorogative + Interrogative = Interrogative + Assertive;

1. Do you know? Why is she sad ?
= Do you know why she is sad ?

2. Can you tell me ? How have you come ?
= Can you tell me how you have come ?

Assertive + Exclamatory = Assertive + Assertive; जैसे –
1. How well he plays ! Nobody can believe.
= Nobody can believe how well he plays.

2. No one can imagine. What a great man he is!
= No one can imagine what a great man he is.

Assertive + Assertive = Assertive + Assertive; जैसे –

1. Somebody called me. I don’t know who.
= I don’t know who called me.

2. He will come. I can’t say when.
= I can’t say when he will come.

Rull III. जब एक Simple Sentence से प्रबल इच्छा का बोध होता है और दूसरे से इच्छापूर्ति का अभाव व्यक्त किया जाता है, तब इन्हें इस प्रकार जोड़ा जाता है –

Simple Sentence + [‘that’ understood] + Subject + Were + Other Words
Simple Sentence + [‘that’ understood) + Subject + Verb (Past Tense) + Other Words

Example

1. I wish to be a king. I am not a king.
Combined: I wish I were a king.

2. I wish to know him. I don’t know him.
Combined: I wish I knew him.

3. I wished to know him. I didn’t know him.
Combined : I wished I had known him.

Simple Sentence into Mixed Sentence

Mixed sentence में कम से कम दो Principle clause एवं एक या एक से अधिक sub-ordinate clauses होता है । जैसे –

We heard the sad news. We immediately started for the afficted house. There we found the mourners.

Combined : We heard the sad news and we immediately started for the afflicted house, where we found the mourners.- Mixed sentence.

Miscellaneous Exercised Solved

Question.
Combine the following sentences into a complex or Mixed Sentence :

1. He behaved prudently under the circumstances. Few men would have acted so prudently.
Combined : Few persons would have acted so prudently as he did under the circumstances.

2. His difficulties become greater and greater. He shows more and more energy
Combined : The greater his difficulties, the more energy he shows.

3. I will visit your house in June next. You have frequently asked me to do so. I will not disappoint you any longer.
Combined : I will visit your house in June next, as you have frequently asked me to do; and I will not disappoint you any longer.

4. The supply of pasture often runs short. The nomads of Tartary then shift their abode. They search for new pasture elsewhere.
Combined : When the supply of pasture runs short, the nomads of Tartary shift their abode in search of new pasture elsewhere.

5. We heard the sad news. We immediately started for the afficted house. There we found the moumers.
Combined : On hearning the sad news, we immediately started for the afficted house, where we found the mourners.

6. They spoke in defence of their absent friend. They could not have spoken better.
Combined : They could not have spoken better than they did in defence of their absent friend.

7. Combine the following sentences :- (Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) I am going to Kolkata. I am going by the evening train. The train leaves at 7:30 P.M.
Answer:
I am goin to Kolkata by the evening train leaving at 7:30 P.M.

8. Combine the following sentences : (Model Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) I went home. I talked to my parents.
(b) I missed the bus. I was late.
(c) You can take tea. You can take coffee.
Answer:
(a) I went home and talked to my parents.
(b) I missed the bus as I was late.
(c) You can take either tea or coffee.

9. Combine the following sentences into one : (Board Exam. 2009 (Arts))
He finished his work. He went to catch the train. He had to go to Mumbai.
Answer:
He finished his work and went to catch the train to go to Mumbai.

10. Identify the following sentences whether they are simple, compound or compler. [ Board Exam. 2009 ]
(a) You must work hard or you will fail.
(b) The company that supplied goods has failed.
(c) She washed her cloth.
Answer:
(a) Compound sentence
(b) Complex sentence
(c) Simple sentence.

11. Combin the following simple sentences into one complex sentence each : [ Model Paper 2009 (A) ]
(a) Where is the museum ? Can you tell me ?
(b) Dhoni will play to his potential. I know this.
(c) How to deal with the situation ? Can you tell me ?
Answer:
(a) Can you tell me where the museum is ?
(b) I know that Dhoni will play to his potential.
(c) Can you tell me how to deal with the situation ?

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 11 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Grammar Combination of Sentences English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Modal Auxiliaries

Auxiliary Verb (सहायक क्रिया)-जिस Verb में अपना कोई महत्त्व न हो, किन्तु वह मुख्य Verb के साथ मिलकर Tense के बनने में सहायता करे, उसे Auxiliary Verb अथवा Helping Verb कहा जाता है। जैसे –

1. She is going to school.
2. I have finished my work.
3. You will win a prize.
4. I can solve this question.

List of Auxiliary Verbs:

1. Be:am, is, are, was, were
2. Have, has, bad
3. Do, does, did
4. Shall, should
5. Will, would
6. Can, could
7. May, might
8. Must, have to, am to, etc.
9. Ought to
10. Used to
11. Need
12. Dare

Types of Auxiliaries

सहायक क्रियाएँ दो प्रकार की हो सकती हैं –

(1) Primary Auxiliaries
Be :am, is, are, was, were; do, does, did; have, has, had.

(2) Modal Auxiliaries
Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must (am to, is to, are 10. have to, etc.) ought to, used to, need, dare.

The use of Some Modals

Will and Shall का प्रयोग Will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए –

In assertive Sentences

(1) यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप में ही वर्णन करना हो, तो- First Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Persons के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

I shall finish my work quickly.

(2) यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य सम्बन्धी आदेश (command), प्रण (promise), निश्चय (determination), धमकी (threat) आदि का वर्णन हो तो. First Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Second और Third Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

I will return your money without fail.

(3) यदि वक्ता अपने किसी भविष्य-सम्बन्धी उद्देश्य (intention) को प्रकट करना चाहता हो, तो वह अपने लिए will का प्रयोग करेगा। अर्थात् ऐसे वाक्यों में First Person के साथ will का प्रयोग किया जाता है। .

I will appear in the Senior Secondary Examination next year.

Would तथा Should का प्रयोग

(1) Would का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है

Will का Past – I told him that I would come.
2. प्रार्थना वाचक – Would you close the window ?
3. शर्त वाचक – He would pass if he worked hard.

(2) Should का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –
1. उपदेश वाचक – You should give up smoking.
2. सम्भावना वाचक – They should be here by now.
3. नैतिक फर्ज – You should do your duty.
4. Shall का Past – He told me that I should/would pass.

Can तथा Could का प्रयोग

(1) Can का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. योग्यता सूचक – She can dance very well.
2. इजाजत सूचक – You can go home now.
3.सम्भावना सूचक – It can happen to anyone.
4.Pt.Cont. की जगह – I can hear people talking.

(2) Could का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1.शर्त वाचक
1. I could lift this box (if I tried.)

2. प्रार्थना वाचक
1. Could (would) you tell me the time?
2. Could (would) you bring me a glass of water.

3. संभावना सूचक
1. One of the prisoners escaped yesterday.
He could be anywhere now.

4.Can का Past
1. He said that I could go.
2. He could come to me any time he liked.

May तथा Might का प्रयोग

(1) May का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. अनुमति/इजाजत सूचक
1. You may go now.
2. May I come in, sir ?

2. सम्भावना सूचक
1. His statement may (can/could) be true.
2. His plan may (can/could) succeed.

3. इच्छा/प्रार्थना/सूचक
1. May you live long !
May our country prosper !

(2) Might का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1.May का Past
1. He said that I might go.
2. I thought that he might help her.

2. भावी सम्भावना
1. He might (may) pass this year.
2. He might (may) reach here by evening.

3. इजाजत होना
1.Might I have your pen?
2. You might do me a favour.

(May की अपेक्षा Might में अधिक झिझक और विनम्रता का संकेत होता है ।)

Must का प्रयोग

Must का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. उपदेश सूचक
1. you must consult some good doctor.
2. you must work hard this year.

2. आवश्यकता सूचक
1.You must be back by evening.
2. The students must bring their books daily.

3. सम्भावना सूचक
1. The child must be hungry.
2. He must have made some big mistake.

4. बनधन/मजबूरी सूचक
1. You must do as you are told.
2. He must his accounts before leaving.

Ought to तथा Used to का प्रयोग

(1) Ought के साथ सदा to का प्रयोग किया जाता है । (Ought to = Should) ought to का प्रयोग (should की तरह) निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है- .

1. नैतिक फर्ज
1. You ought to respect your elders.
2. You ought to have helped the poor.

2. इच्छा-योग्य सम्भावना
1. You ought to win the race this time.

3. इच्छा-योग्य जरूरत
1. He ought to build a new house now.

(इस तालिका में दिए गए सभी वाक्यों में ought to के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।)

(2) Ought की भान्ति used भी एक ऐसा modal है जिसके साथ to का प्रयोग करना जरूरी होतो है –

1. He used to live here.
2. He never used to live here.

Need का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में Need का प्रयोग केवल Negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाना चाहिए । इसका प्रयोग किसी सन्देह doubt) अथवा मनाही (prohibition) को जोरदार ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।

1. Need you go yet ? No, you needn’t.
2. Need she come tomorrow ? No, she needin’t.

(2) Need का Third Person Singular सदा need ही होता है, न कि needs:
1. Need Mohan go there now ?
2. He need not worry any more.

(3) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में need का प्रयोग तभी किया जाता है जब negative उत्तर वांछित हो।
Need you go there ?
No, I needn’t.

(4) Interrogative और negative वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

Need he do any work?
No, he needn’t do any work.

(5) किन्तु निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग किया जाता है –

1. He need to go mow. (Affirmative)
2. He does not need to go now. (Negative)
3. Does he need to go now? (Interrogative)

यदि ध्यान से देखा जाए तो पता चलेगा कि इन सभी वाक्यों में need को मुख्य क्रिया ..(Principal Verb) के रूप में प्रयोग किया गया है, न कि Auxiliary के रूप में।

(6) Need not की जगह haven’t got to, don’t have to, don’t need to का प्रयोग किया । जा सकता है।

He need not go.

(7) जब needs का प्रयोग must के साथ किया गया हो, तो यह एक adverb का कार्य कर रहा होता है। वास्तव में needs एक Possessive Case है जिसमें apostrophe (‘) का लोप किया जाता है। इस प्रकार

needs = need’s = of need = of necessity = necessarily (adv.)

इस प्रकार हमने देखा कि needs को एक adverb क्यों माना जाता है।

He must needs finish his work by evening.

Dare का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में dare का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हालतों में किया जाता है –

1. Negative वाक्यों में ।
2. Interrogative वाक्यों में ।
3. सन्देह में (doubt) व्यक्त करने वाले वाक्यों में ।
4. ऐसे वाक्यों में जिनमें hardly, never, no one, nobody का प्रयोग किया गया हो।

(2) जब dare का प्रयोग auxiliary के रूप में किया गया हो, तो इसके साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
(3) Dare का Third Person Singular सदा dare ही होता है, न कि dares. उदाहरण:

(Negative)
1. He dare not fight with me.
2. He will hardly dare go there again.
अब क्या आप बता सकते हैं कि Need और Dare के प्रयोग के सम्बन्ध में कौन-कौन सी बातें एक जैसी हैं?

Important Questions Solved

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences with suitable modals given in brackets. (May, must, could will)

1. …..I ask a question ?
2. He ….go to call me tomorrow.
3. Who…..win the race ?

Answer:

1. May
2. must
3. will

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must)

1. You….pay the examination fee at the nick of time.
2. Labour hard so that you……pass.
3. He….submit the report next week.

Answer:

1. must
2. may
3. must
4. should.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (should, might, may)

1. He said that …..do the work.
2. …..God protect you !
3. We….help the poor.

Answer:

1. might
2. may
3. should.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (Should, would, ought, needn’t)

1. We ….. to improve the lot of the poor in our country.
2. You ….. have taken all that trouble.
3. He said he …… be moving into his new house next month.

Answer:

1. ought
2. necdn’t
3. would

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets : (Would, can ‘t, may, could)

1. My uncle ….. speak five languages.
2. Can I smoke here ? Yes, you …..
3. Can I smoke here ? No, you ..

Answer:

1. could
2. may
3. can’t.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets : (have, needn’t; ought, used to)

1. The driver ……. to have been more careful.
2. I will do it myself. You ……… come.
3. The candidates …….. to appear for an interview

Answer:

1. ought
2. needn’t
3. have

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (might, can’t, would, could)

1. I said I ….. do it.
2. …. I ask you a question.
3. He ….. hear. He is deaf.

Answer:

1. could
2. Would
3. can’t

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (ought, shouldn’t can, could)

1. He………. read and write English.
2. He asked if he ………. borrow my bicycle.
3. He ………. worry so much about his matter.

Answer:

1. can
2. coulod
3. shouldn’t

Question 9.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (can, used to, must not, could)

1. I don’t want to see your face. You ……..come here again.
2. He ………. come and see me again in a day or two.
3. He wanted to know if he ……… attend the show.

Answer:

1. must not
2. used
3. could

Question 10.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given in the brackets. (Would, should, would, would)

1. …….. you like to have a cup of tea ?
2. He said that he ……… not come the next day.
3. ………. you please stop talking ?

Answer:

1. Would
2. would
3. Would

Question 11.
Fill in the blanks with suitable auriliary verbs. (Board Exam 2009 (Arts)]

1. You …….. not go in this old car.
2. He………. obey the teacher.
3. We ……….. die sooner or later.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. have to

Question 12.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. (Board Exam 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]

1. We….. love our country.
2. ……….. hire a taxi.
3. He……….. come to day.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. should

Question 13.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. This letter ……. be posted by today’s mail.
2. Work hard lest you ……….. fail.
3. We………. always obey our parents.

Answer:

1. must
2. would
3. must or should.

Question 14.
Complete the sentences using appropriate forms of modal auxiliary verbs given in brackets : (Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. I come here so that I ………. get a job. (may/can)
2. She ………. come today morning. (will/must)
3. We being the citizens of India……..serve the country. (must/ought to)

Answer:

1. can
2. will
3. ought to.

Question 15.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modals.

1. We…………. help the poor.
2. They ……… do this work.
3. Children ………. obey their parents.

Answer:

1. should
2. must
3. should

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks with suitable modal auxiliary verbs. [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. …………. you teach me.
2. We ………….. respect our teachers.
3. He …………. work hard for success.

Answer:

1. would
2. should
3. must.

Question 17.
Fill in the blanks with suitable model verbs : [Model Paper 2010 (A)]

1. We ………. have a stormy night.
2. He …………speak English fluently.
3. We eat that we ………….. live.

Answer:

1. should
2. can
3. may

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 11 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Grammar Modal Auxiliaries English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Letter and Application Writing

Kinds of Letters: There are four kinds of letters
1. Private letters-They are written to relatives and friends.
2. Business letters-They are written to merchants or films in connection with the business.
3. Official letters-They are written by one official to another in an official capacity.
4. Applications-They is written for various purposes, e.g., for the job, for grant of leave, etc.

Question 1.
You are Hemant/Himakshi. Write a letter to the editor of ‘National Herald’, New Delhi expressing your anguish over the problems faced by people due to illicit liquor and the deadly chemicals like Anthrax.
Answer:

B/24, Prithvi Raj Road,
New Delhi
March 3,20.

The Editor
National Herald, New Delhi

I Subject: Problems caused by illicit liquor
Sir,
I take this opportunity to express my deep concern and anguish over the problems caused by illicit liquor and deadly weapons like Anthrax. The news of the death of 70 people in Andhra by consuming Tawdy’ and 1 pouch liquor was really disturbing. It is really callous that certain people, in order to make a few fast bucks can play with the lives of other people. It was learnt that the pouch liquor consumed by the people in Andhra was prepared with a methylated spirit-a poisonous substance. Surely, the law dealing with such crimes is inadequate and more teeth should be provided to deal with .such crimes. The punishment should be exemplary so as to have a deterrent effect Similarly, the scare caused among public regarding chemical weapons like Anthrax is of alarming nature. The vulnerable people are being exposed to the threat of such deadly weapons by the extremists. The Govt. Should crackdown on the source of such chemicals that can have widespread damage in the public.

Yours faithfully
Nishant

Question 2.
Write a letter to the Editor of the magazine ‘Expressions’, New Delhi on the deterioration in the standard of living in your city. Give suggestions for improvement Sign yourself as PMR.
Answer:

F104/2, Mira Road, New Delhi
February 16,20
The Editor Expressions

Subject: Regarding deterioration in the standard of living

Sir,

Through the columns of your esteemed magazine, I want to express my concerns over the deterioration in living standard in Sonipat. The city is crying for civic amenities like an efficient sewage system which seems to crumble particularly during the rainy season. The street lighting is pathetic. Potholes have appeared in all the major roads and need immediate attention.

Then ATM facilities are required in the banks. To start with, at least three ATM centers be opened at Subhash Chowk, Hindu College, and Sec-14 Community center. Online Railway Reservation Facilities need to be provided here. Bill collection facilities for electricity and telephone bills should be given in leading banks as well. It will ease the mad-rush at the collection points.

Then Super Bazars are the primary needs today. To provide perfect competition, leading stores should be encouraged to open their outlet in their chain of superstores. All these things will go a long way in improving the living standard in our city and give a face-lift to it also.

Yours truly
PMR

Question 3.
Write a letter to the editor of the Times of India, complaining about the noise pollution in your locality drawing the attention of the Government to take steps to check the same Sign as Gaurav/Gauri, Janta Nagar, Ahmedabad.
Answer.

628/26, Janata Nagar
Ahmedabad
February 19,20

The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi

Subject: Regarding noise pollution
Sir,
I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the 1 noise pollution in our locality through the columns of your esteemed daily. Noise pollution seems to have raining decibels in our locality. Big loudspeakers are blaring noise throughout the day. It is not that the noise decibels rise only during the day. Holy noise from the loudspeakers atop the religious places starts early in the morning. Children getting up early to: concentrate on studies find it very frustrating to find so much of distracting I music drumming into their ears. Then the ‘Jaagrans’ held through out the night are another source of noise pollution. More so, incessant use of pressure horns even in silence zones like hospitals is very disturbing for old land sick persons. People seem to have thrown all the norms to winds and are openly flouting the rules. The Govt, needs to curb such things by taking punitive. I hope you will give proper space to these ideas in your daily.

Yours faithfully
Arundhati

Question 4.
Write a letter to the Editor of the ‘Indian Express’, New Delhi complaining about the frequent breakdown in the supply of electricity in your locality. (Tilak Avenue). Sign yourself as PMR.
Answer:
G-37 Tilak Avenue
Ambala
March 10,20………..
The Editor

Indian Express, New Delhi

Subject: Regarding frequent break down of electricity supply

Sir,

I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the frequent breakdown of electricity supply in our locality.

The electric supply^ias been far from satisfactory for for quite some weeks now. The blame Ts put on the transformers which are old ones and far too small in their capacity. It results into frequent tripping and the fuses burning out. The people manning the complaint centres are rude and indifferent to the problems faced by people. It takes hours to get even minor faults attended to.

Then, there is too frequent and unannounced load shedding in our area. Ours is not a power theft prone area and should be not on The priority when the load shedding is required. But surprisingly, our locality has to bear the brunt all the time.

The add to the woes of people, the voltage situation is also very gloomy. It causes heavy loss to the electrical gadgets and some of the are rendered non-working due to poor voltage. Ban on the use of air-conditioners during peak hours should be strictly enforced to improve the power situation.

Yours truly
AMR

Question 5.
You are Amrit/Amritha of Bangalore. You are disturbed at the nonavailability of essential commodities in the Fair Price Shops of your area. Write a letter to the Editor of ‘The Hindu’ drawing the attention of the authorities to the irregularities in the Fair Price Shops. (Word limit 150 words)
Answer:
B-49, Gulab Bagh
Bangalore
March 23,20 ……….
The Editor
The Hindu, New Delhi

Subject: Regarding non-availability of essential items in Fair Price Shops

Sir,

I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the nonavailability of essential commodities in the Fair Price Shops in Bangalore.

Life seems to be getting harder and harder for the common man. It is the prime duty of the govt, to ensure that essential commodities like rice, sugar, candles, etc. are available in the Fair Price Shops. But they seem to be performing the vanishing act the moment they appear. Price Shops. But they seem to be performing the vanishing act the moment they appear. ‘Stocks are over’, this is the sign that always welcomes wrong with the distribution system. May be the hoarders and black-marketeers are hand in glove with high-ups in the Govt.

Buying these commodities from the open market makes holes in the pocket of the budget people. It would be heaving sigh of relief for the already burdened common man if the govt, ensured enough supply of essential commodities.

Yours truly
Raman

Question 6.
In a letter to your father, Inform him of your success at the Test Examination and your preparation for the Final Examination.
Answer:

Govinda Mitra Raod,
Patna-4
5th December, 20………….

My dear Father,

Here is a happy pieces of news for you. You will be glad to know that I secured the first position in my class at the Test Examination.

My Final Examination will begin from the 9th March 2009.1 have got a lot of time for my preparation for the Final Examination. I want to use my time properly. I have already read my textbooks thoroughly. Now I am preparing some model questions in each subject. I have made a time-table for my studies. I am preparing each subject well. I devote enough time to writing-work. I hope that I shall finish my preparation by the end of January. Then I will revise my textbooks.

My teachers expect me to secure a good position at the Final Examination. I hope that I shall come up to their expectations.

Please convey my best regards to Mother.

Yours affectionately,
Ravi

Address- Shri Binod Kumar Sharma,
Statin Road,
Darbhanga.

Question 7.
Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success in examination.
Answer:

Ashok Road,
Gaya,
June 15, 200…

My dear Rajiv,

I have just heard of your brilliant success in the Senior Secondary School Examination. Accept my heartiest congratulations on your success.

You have achieved a rare distinction. It is not an essay job to secure the first position. I was sure you must achieve this distinction. Your regular and patient labour has been crowned with success. You have brought glory not only to yourself but to all your friends. Your grand success gives me inspiration. I hope your will achieve similar distinction in future.

When will you arrange a dinner to celebrate your brilliant success ? Don’t forget to invite me to the dinner.

With best wishes.

Yours sincerely,
Rina

Question 8.
Your friend is ill. Write a letter of cheers to him.
Answer:

Golakpur,
Patna-6
January 16, 20…

My dear Suresh,

I am sorry to hear of your illness. Today I got a letter from Umesh who has written about your illness.

He says that you are very much nervous. You might be feeling lonely in your hostel. I think your fellow-boarders must be looking after you. It would be better if you are removed to a hospital.

Don’t lose heart. Cheer up. Your disease is not serious. You will recover in a few days. Give up your sadness. You should take complete rest. I hope to hear about your recovery soon.

With best wishes from,

Yours sincere friend,
Shashi

Question 9.
K.A. University, K. a. The city offers a correspondence course leading to a Diploma in Waste Water Management after plus two. You are Deepak/ Deepti Sinha. Write to the Director, Correspondence course, K. A. University for the brochure and prospectus and enquiring about the job opportunities after completing this course.
Answer:

38, Labour Colony, Patna
March 25,20……
The Director
Correspondence Course
Pants University,
Patna City

Subject: Information regarding Diploma in Waste Water Management

Sir,
This has reference to your advertisement in The Hindustan Times regarding the starting of a Diploma in Waste Management in 2008-09 through correspondence. I have appeared for 10 + 2 (Science Stream) exam, in March this year. I would like to blow that are the job opportunities after completing this course. Please elaborate on all the openings through this course.

I am sending a Demand Draft of Rs. 100/- in your favour for sending me the broucher covering other details regarding the course.

Yours Faithfully,
Denesh Singh

Question 10.
Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) has decided to hire one hun¬dred buses for different routes in the city on a per km basis. Write a letter to the Transport Commissioner, DTC, offering ff ve buses to be hired by them on their terms and conditions.
Answer:

Traffic Manager Krishna Bus Service, Patna
Bihar
October 16,20……..
The Transport Commissioner Delhi
Transport Corporation

Subject: Regarding Hiring of Private Buses

Sir,

This has reference to your advertisement in The Hindustan Times dated October 10,20………….. inviting offers for hiring private buses from the transporters.

Ours is a Premier Transport Company having its fleet of more than 150 buses playing on different routes in Bihar, Jharkhand and Nepal Border U.P. and M.P. We have been in this business for the last 50 years. As such, we have got the necessary experience and expertise to handle the volume of passengers.

We have read the terms and conditions laid down by the corporation and promise to abide by them. We offer for hire on km basis five buses from our fleet Our buses are new, comfortable and fitted with CNG kits in keeping with the pollution norms in Delhi. We assure you to provide ultra-modem buses and very polite and expert crew members. Our disciplined drivers and polite conductors will give no room for complaint The inspection of the buses can be done at your convenience with prior intimation. Other formalities of depositing surety money and giving a three-year bond would be completed soon.

Yours faithfully
A.K Deo
traffic Manager

Question 11.
You are Ravi/Rajani living at 5 Ganesb Bagh, Gaya 3. There is a frequent power cut and voltage fluctuation in your area causing great ‘ inconvenience and damaging electrical appliance. Write a letter to the Assistant Engineer of the Electricity Board of your area explaining the difficulties you face, seeking quick action.
Answer:

5. Ganesh Bagh.
Gaya 3
Electric Bihar State Electricity Bo&rd, Gaya

Subject: Complaint Regarding Frequent Power Cuts

Sir,

I, on behalf of the residents of Ganesh Bagh, wish to draw your attention towards frequent power cuts and voltage fluctuations in our area. These fluctuations not only anise great inconvenience but also damage electrical appliances. The transformers installed are of a small capacity resulting in low voltage and fluctuations. Many costly TV sets and refrigerators have been damaged here due to high voltage. Fan motors are burnt out. Overload on transformers causes frequent trippings melting of fuses. It is requested that transformers of bigger capacity be installed to regularise power supply in our area. I hope you will take a personal interest in the matter and get the faulty transformers replaced at the earliest –

Yours faithfully
Jitendra

Question 12.
You are John/Urmila, Staff Secretary Grant Public School, Patna The State Transport bus which is playing in your route at 8 a. m. has become irregular, putting a large number of students and office-goers in great difficulty. Write a letter to the Bus Depot Incharge complaining about it and requesting him to send the has regularly.
Answer:

Doon Public School
Patna.
The Bus Depot Incharge
State Transport Bus Service
Patna

Subject: Regarding Irregular.ar Bus Service

Sir,

I wish to draw your land attention towards the irregular bus service on Rute No. 28 from Patna City to Doon Public School. A large number of students and teachers take the morning bus at 8 a. m.- on this route to reach their destination. But for quite some time now, this bus service has become very irregular patting to inconveniences a lot of daily commuters on this route. Due to disturbed timings of the bus, students reach late in their schools and office goers also are hard-pressed. The earlier bus service is at 7.15 a. m. which is too early for the students. If the bus timings are put back on the right track, lots of commuters can be saved from avoidable ordeal every morning. I hope you would ensure its timely departure from its scheduled station and oblige us.

Thanking you in anticipation

Yours faithfully
Dhanunjay

Question 13.
Write a letter to the Police Commissioner (Traffic) about the inadequate parking facilities in the commercial street area of Patna, which is causing a lot of inconvenience to the people. You may also offer your suggestions to solve it. You are Rakesh/Renu No. 12, Jayanagar, Patna.
Answer:

The Commissioner of Police (Traffic)
Civil Lines
Patna
July 16, 2013……

Subject: Complaint regarding inadequate parking facilities in commercial street.

Sir,

I wish to draw your kind attention to inadequate parking facilities in Commercial Street, Patna.

It is one of the busiest areas of the city and is frequented by thousands every day. People have to park their vehicles at whatever vacant space they find. It not only causes inconvenience to the public in general but has resulted in vehicles’ theft as well. This area has become a haven for auto lifters. Encroachments on public land are also on the rise. Pheri-wallas and street hawkers have grabbed all the land meant for pedestrians.

It is requested that parking lots be provided and be let out to private contractors on a yearly basis. Encroachers should be dealt with firmly and the public land is freed from their possession.

It would be easing congestion in the busiest commercial area of the city.

Yours faithfully
Renu

R/o 12, Jayanagar
Patna

Question 14.
Write a letter to the General Manager, BSNL., complaining about the unsatisfactory working our your Telephone.
Answer:

The General Manager
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
Patna
10th August 20……….

Subject: Complaint regarding telephone

Sir,

I take this opportunity to bring to your kind notice the unsatisfactory working of my telephone (Tel. No. 2454011). Several complaints made earlier have yielded no result. So, it was imperative for me to bring it to your notice.

My telephone has remained dead for the last two weeks. The fault is said to be in the underground cable, which has failed to be rectified. At times, there is huge sound disturbance and the telephone is rendered unserviceable.

It is requested that the telephone may be restored without any further delay. I have already faced a lot of difficulty due to my non-functional telephone. I hope my telephone is restored immediately failing which I will be left with no choice but to move the Consumer Court for deficiency of service.

Yours faithfully,
Kaushik Kataria.

B-3/72, G. M. Road
Patna

Question 15.
You are Akshaya/Kajol of 123, Parade Ground Road, Secunderabad. You are interested in doing a short-term course in computer programming during summer vacation. Write a letter to the Director, Computer World, Powai, Mumbai, enquiring about the duration of such a course and the terms and conditions for admission.
Answer:

123, Parade Ground Road :
Secunderabad
Andhra Pradesh
May 28,20……..

The Director
Computer World
Powai
Mumbai

Subject: Information regarding short-term computer programming course

I have just passed my 10 + 2 exam, and desirous of joining short-term computer programming course at your institute. Your premier institute is the clear-cut market leader in computer education. So, I have decided to pursue this crash course. I would feel obliged in you send me the following information at the earliest

(i) Exact duration of the course.
(ii) Total fees payable for the course including tuition fees and hostel charges.
(iii) Last but not the least, I would like to know if each student is provided individual computers at your institute. I won’t like to share my computer with any other student at all.

Thanking your

Yours faithfully
Akshaya.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 11 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Letter and Application Writing English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Analysis

Analysis का अर्थ होता है वाक्य के अंगों या अंशों को अलग-अलग कर उनकी जाँच करना। सविधा की दृष्टि से इस कार्य को हम तीन भागों में बाँट सकते हैं –

(A) वाक्य के Clauses को अलग-अलग करना ।
(B) उन Clauses का नामकरण करना ।
(C) वाक्य का नामकरण करना।

[A] How to Find Out Clauses

सबसे पहले हमें यह देखना है कि clause किसे कहते हैं, क्योंकि इसके बिना clauses को अलग-अलग किया ही नहीं जा सकता । कुछ लोग दिये हुए वाक्य को अन्दाज से कई टुकड़ों में बाँट देते हैं। यह तरीका ठीक नहीं। यह तो सच है कि clause किसी sentence का एक भाग होता है, पर sentence का हर भाग clause नहीं भी हो सकता है।

Sentence के उस भाग (part) को clause कहते हैं जिसमें Subject और Finite Verb हों। यदि Subject और उसके Finite Verb का पता लग जाए, तो clauses आप-से-आप अलग हो जाएँगे, पर कुछ लोगों को इनका (Subject और Verb का) पता ही नहीं चलता ? इसलिए यहाँ इन दोनों पर विस्तारपूर्वक विचार करना आवश्यक है।

How to Find Out the Subject

आप जानते हैं कि केवल Noun या उसके equivalents (जो शब्द Noun का काम करें ही Subject हो सकते हैं, जैसे –

1. Noun – This book is good.
2. Pronoun – He is a good man.
3. Infinitive – To walk is healthy.
4. Gerund – Walking is good.
5. Phrase – What to do is difficult to decide.
6. Clause – What he says is quite right.

इस तालीका (chart) की मदद से आप subject को आसानी से पहचान सकते हैं।

[A] How to Find Out the Finite Verb

Finite Verb उस Verb को कहते हैं जिसका Number और Person Subject के अनुसार होता है। जैसे –
1. We go home
2. He goes home.

पहले वाक्य का Subject (We) Plural है इसलिए यहाँ Verb (go) plural है अतः ‘go’ Finite Verbहै इसी प्रकार दुसरे वाक्य में Verb (goes) singular है क्यों की subject (He) singular है इसलिए goes भी finite verb है ।

Note (a): जिस Verb का Number और Person Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता अधात् जो Subject की परवाह नहीं करके सदा स्वतन्त्र रूप में रहता है। उसी Absolute Verbहते हैं। ये Absolute Verbs तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Infinitive – I like to walk.
2. Gerund – I am fond of walking.
3. Participle – (i) Present Participle – Going there he saw a tiger.
(ii) Past Participle – Having gone there they saw a tiger.

तो, इस प्रकार Finite Verb और Absolute Verb में बहुत अन्तर है । Finite Verb सदा Subject के अनुसार होता है पर Absolute Verb कभी भी Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता, जैसे –
1. Having gone there he saw a tiger.
2. Having gone there they saw a tige

पहले वाक्य में Subject (he) Singular है और दूसरे में (they) Plural; पर Verb का रूप एक ही है। यही लक्षण Infinitive और Gerund का भी है।

इसलिए Absolute Verb को कभी भी Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए, नहीं तो clauses ठीक-ठीक अलग हो ही नहीं सकते ।

Note (b) : कभी-कभी Infinitive (to + verb) का to चिह्न छिपा रहता है और केवल verb का प्रयोग होता है। इन वाक्यों को लें –

1. He can speak.
2. He should speak.
3. he must speak.
4. He had better speak.
5. I made him speak.
6. He did nothing but speak.

यहाँ speak Infinitive है । यह Finite Verb नहीं है। इसे Infinitive without to कहा जा सकता है। इसलिए ऐसे Infinitive को Finite Verb का एक भाग मान लेना चाहिए, इसे Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए । इन सभी वाक्यों में केवल एक-एक Finite Verb है –

can speak, should speak, must speak, had better speak.

(ii) Elliptical (Contracted) Sentences.

Kinds of Sub-ordinate clauses

Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause.
3. Adverb Clause.

1.Noun Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद एक संज्ञा (Noun) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Noun Clause बनाते हैं –

1. That John is a theif was not known to me.
2. He was told that he must not be late again.
3. Listen to what the teacher says.
4. The fact is that he knows nothing.

2. Adjective Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी विशेषण (Adjective) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Adjective Clause बनाते हैं –

1. The Company that supplied goods has failed.
2. The house where my brother lives has been sold.

3. Adverb Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी क्रिया-विशेषण (Adverb) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है।

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. You should act as the doctor advises you.
4. He talks as if he were mad.

Noun Clause

Noun Clauses निम्न शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –

Who, which, what, when, where, whether, why,if, how, that क

Kinds of Noun Clauses

(i) Noun Clause,Object to verbor preposition

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Transitive Verb या Preposition के Object (कर्म) के रूप में आता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती हैं.:

I think that he is poor

It depends on what your plan is.

ध्यान दें कि –

Rul I. Who/Which आदि से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause N.C. तब होता जब यह P.c. में ओय हुए Transitive Verb या Preposition का Object होता है।
Rule II. Who/Which/That आदि का अर्थ हिन्दी में ऐसा शब्द होता है, जो ‘क’ से आरम्भ होता है; जैसा-कि, कौन, क्या, कब, कहाँ ।

Example :
1. I don’t know/who has stolen my pen. who = कौन।
2. I don’t know/whether she is poor. whether = कि।
3. Tell me/how you have come. how = कैसे।
4. I find/that he is not honest. that = कि। .
5. I will judge you by/what you do. what = क्या।

(ii) Noun clause (Subject to a verb)

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Subject का कार्य करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
Noun Clause – P.C.
What he says – is right
That he is honest – Is known to all.
Why he killed her – Is a mystery.

(iii) Noun Clause complement to a Verb

P.C.+ N. CI[As Complement]

Noun Clause, Noun 19, (complement) at foref I DÀ वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

जैसे – My opinion is that he is a driver.

(i) My opinion is – Principal Clause
(ii) That he is a driver – Noun Clause Complement to a verb ‘is’.

(iv) Noun clause in apposition to Noun

Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, apposition का कार्य करता है, अर्थात् Noun की व्याख्या करके उसे स्पष्ट करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –
P.C. [With A Noun] – + N.C. (In Apposition)
I haven’t heard the news – that he has resigned.
I hold the view – that she is guilty.

(a) I have heard the news. – P.C.
(b) That he has resigned – Sub. Noun clause in apposition to the noun new’s.

(v) Noun Clause in apposition to ‘it’

P.C. + N. C. (In Apposition to it.)

ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

P.C. [It + is + noun/adj.] – + N.C. (In Apposition to it)
It is sure – that he will pass.
It is evident – that he a criminal.
(a) It is sure.- P.C.
(b) That he will pass, – Noun Clause in apposition to”It”.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective Clause इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –

that, who, which, why, when, where, how

(i) Kinds of Adjective clause

(1)P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause, एक Adjective के समान, किसी noun की विशेषता बताता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause
I know the girl – who is dancing
I have read the book – that is lying here.
ध्यान दें कि –

Rule I. Who/Which/That if # 37114 Ettalin clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में आये हुए Noun की विशेषता बताता है।

Rule II. ऐसे Noun और Adjective Clause के बीच कॉमा नहीं रहता।

इन वाक्यों को लें –

1. I don’t know the man/who is standing there. who = जो
2. He desn’t know the place/where he was born. where = जहाँ
3. He doesn’t know the time/when he will reach. when = जब

(ii) Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –
Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C. [Verb + Other Words]
The reason why she was absent is not known.

The boy/who is here/is intelligent.

(a) The boy is intelligent – P.C.
(b) Who is here – Adj. Clause.

(iii) Noun + Adjective Cl. [Without Conj.] + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

(a) The boy is my brother.- P.C.
(b) You help – Adjective clause qualifying Noun ‘boy’
(c) The food/you eat/is not pure.
(d) The boy is my brother. – P.C.
(e) You eat – Adj. clause qualifying the noun-‘food’.

(iv) Noun + Adj. Cl. [Without Conj.] +Prep. + P.C.

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –

(v) P.C. + Adj. Clause [With As/But]

कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

ध्यान दें कि-Rule 1. As/But से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में प्रयुक्त Noun के बाद आता है और उस Noun की विशेषता बताता है ।

Adverb Clauses

Kinds of Adverb Clause

Sub-ordinate Adverb clause के निम्न प्रमुख भेद हैं –

(i) Adverb clause of Time : Principal Clause + Adverb Clause of Time कुछ Adverb clauses से समय (time) का भाव व्यक्त होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –

Adverb Clause of Time इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –

as, after, as soon as, as long as, as quickly as, before, when, whenever, while, since, till, than, until, the moment/ the minute.

Note (a):-No sooner से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause होता है Principal और than से आरम्भ होनेवाला होता है Adverb Clause : जैसे –

No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(a) No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(b) Than I woke up-Adv. Cl.

(ii) Adverb clause of place

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Place:

कुछ Adverb Clauses से स्थान (Place) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –

कुछ और वाक्य लें –
1. I live where he lives.
2. He feels happy wherever he lives.
3. Where there is a will there is a way.

ध्यान दें कि Adverb Clause of Place इन Subordinating conjunctions से aid – where, wherever.

(iii) Adverb Clause of Condition

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Condition

कुछ Adverb Clauses से शर्त (condition) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –

P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Condition]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Condition) + P.C.

1. Unless you work hard, you can’t get success.
2. Write to me in case you need money.
3. If you work hard, you will get success.
4. He has to do the work, whether he likes it or not.
5. Hand he gone to Delhi, he would have seen the Red Fort.
6. Were I the Chief Minister, I would abolish examinations.
7. You may stay here so long as you behave well.
8. You may take this book provided you return it to me in a week.

ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –

if, unless, in case, supposing, provided.

(iv) P.C. + Adverb Clause of Comparison

कुछ Adverb Clauses से तुलना (comparison) का बोध होता है जैसे –

1. Mohan is as rich as Sohan.
2. Radha is richer than Mohan.
3. The more you have, the more you want.

ध्यान देखो ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –

as, than, the + comparative degree

(v) Adverb clause of concession ·

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Concession
कुछ Adverb Clauses से यद्यपि-तथापि (concession) का बोध होता है। इसलिए Adverb Clause में जो कुछ कहा जाता है उसके विपरीत (Contrast Principal Clause में कहा जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –

P.C. + Adverb Clause [Showing Concession]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Concession) + P.C.

1. Though he is poor, he is happy.
2. Although he started late, he caught the bus.
3. Even if though she deceives me, I won’t harm her.
4. However rich he may be, he is not happy.
5. However hard he may work, he can’t get success.
6. Wherever he may go, he can’t be happy.
7. Considering/admitting that he is very old, he is in good health.

‘Adverbs of Concession इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं, क्योंकि इनका अर्थ होता है -“यद्यपि”

though, although, even if, even though, for all, no matter, it doesn’t matter, come what may, say what you will, however + adjective/adverb, adjectivel adverb + as, much + as, whatever (चाहे कुछ भी), wherever (चाहे कहीं भी), considering that, admitting that, not withstanding that.

(vi) Adverb clause of Cause

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Casue

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कारण (cause) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –
P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Cause)
Or
Adverb Clause (Showing Cause] + P.C.

1. He missed the train because he started late.
2. As he was ill, he was absent yesterday.
3. Since he is poor, he should be helped.
4. Now that he is dead, we shouldn’t criticise him.
5. I am glad that he has passed.
6. I am sorry that she has failed.
7. I am glad that you agree with me now.
8. He needn’t be punished in as much as he offers an apology.

ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –

as, because, since, now that, considering that, in that, in as much as, seeing that, noun + that, adjective + that.

(vii) Adverb clause of Purpose

कुछ Adverb Clauses से उद्देश्य (purpose) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होते है –

1. We work that/so that/in order that we may be happy.
2. He died that/so that/in order that man might learn a lesson.
3. Note down the point, lest you should forget it.

ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –
that, so that, in order that, lest.

(viii) Adverb clause of Result

P.C. + Adverb Clauses of Result/Consequence

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य होने के परिणाम/फल (result/consequence) का बोध होता है और Principal Clauses के कारण (cause) का भाव व्यक्त होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

कुछ और वाक्य लें –

1. He is so great that he forgives even his enemies.
2. The door is so high that the baby can’t reach it.
3. She ran so fast that she won the race.

ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses आरम्भ होते हैं that से और Principal Clause में _so या such आता है। इस प्रकार, वाक्य में so…..that/such….. that का प्रयोग होता है।

(ix) Adverb Clause of Manner

P.C. + Adverb Clause of Manner

कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य करने की रीति/ढंग (manner) का बोध होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –

[C] How to Name a Sentence

इस प्रकार, clause को पहचान लेने के बाद, अन्त में हमें यह देखना चाहिए कि अमुक वाक्य किस तरह का है। कुछ लोग वाक्य को पहले ही पहचानकर clauses को अलग करते हैं और तब नामकरण करते हैं। मेरी समझ में यह तरीका तो घोड़े के आगे गाड़ी रखने के समान है। हम वाक्य का नामकरण कर ही कैसे सकते, जब तक यह पता ही न चले कि अमुक वाक्य में कितने clauses है और वे किस प्रकार के हैं ? इसलिए sentence का नामकरण अन्त में होना चाहिए । पर, यह किया कैसे जाय? इसके लिए वह जानना आवश्यक है कि वाक्य कितने प्रकार के होते हैं।

बनावट की दृष्टि से Sentence चार प्रकार का होता है –
(i) Simple
(ii) Compound
(iii) Complex
(iv) Mixed.

(i) Simple Sentence =1 Principal Clause.
(ii) Compound Sentence = at least 2 Principal Clause.
(iii) Complex Sentence = Simple Sentence + Subordinate Clause.
(iv) Mixed Sentence = Compound Sentence + Subordinae Clause.

इस प्रकार हम देखते हैं कि Simple और Compound Sentences में Subordinate Clause नहीं रहता, पर इन दोनों में अन्तर यह है कि Simple में एक ही Principal Clause रहता है ओर Compound में एक से अधिक अर्थात् कम-से-कम दो) Principal Clauses.

Complex Sentence में सिर्फ एक ही Principal.Clause रहता है जैसे कि Simple में, पर Complex में कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।

Mixed Sentence में कम-से-कम दो Principal Clauses और कम-से-कम एक Subordinae Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।

Some Important Solved Questions

Question 1.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences :

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. We love them, that love us.
3. As far as I know, Ram Lal is not to blame.

Answer:

1. The mice will play.
2. We love them.
3. Ram Lal is not to blame.

Question 2.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences.

1. The place where I reside is far off from here.
2. He that is down needs fear no fall.
3. The man whom I met at the railways station is my friend.

Answer:

1. The place is far off from here.
2. He needs fear no fall.
3. The man is my friend.

Question 3.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. As he entered the room, he saw a snake.
2. I know who he is.
3. Walk carefully lest you should fall.

Answer:

1. As he entered the room – Sub-ordinate clause.
2. Who he is sub – ordinate clause.
3. Lest you should fall – Sub-ordinate clause.

Question 4.
Analyse the following sentences : [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. If I were a bird, I would fly.
2. I believe in the principle that fortune favours the brave.

Answer:

1. (i) I would fly-Principal clause.
   (ii) If I were a bird — Subordinate, Adverb clause of condition.
2. (i) I believe in the principal – Principal clause.
   (ii) That fortune favours the brave – Sub-ordinate Noun clause.

Question 5.
Analyse the following sentences: [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. The principal liked your idea; so did I.
2. When bell rang students came out of the class.

Answer:

1. (i) The principal liked your idea – Principal clause.
   (ii) So did I – Co-ordinate clause to (i).
2. (i) Students came out of the class – Principal clause.
   (ii) When the bell rang – Sub-ordinate Adverb clause.

Question 6.
Identify the following sentences whether they are compound or complex. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]

1. The sun rose and the fog dispersed.
2. He returned home when the evening came.
3. I know Rani who is a clever girl.

Answer:

1. Compound sentence
2. Complex sentence
3. Complex sentence.

Question 7.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : (Board Exam. 2009 (Art)]

1. He said that he was going to the school.
2. I have read the book that is lying there.
3. As he is ill, he is absent.

Answer:

1. That he was going to the school- Sub-ordinate clause
2. That is lying there – Sub-ordinate clause
3. As he is ill-Sub-ordinate clause.

Question 8.
Pick out the Principal clauses in the following sentences : [Boare Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]

1. That he will come today is certain.
2. I know who he is.
3. Walk carefully lest you should fall.

Answer:

1. It is certain
2. I know
3. Walk carefully.

Question 9.
Identify sub-ordinate clause in the following sentences : (Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. That he will come today is certain
2. He that is down needs fear no fall.
3. As he came into the room all rose to their feet.

Answer:

1. That he will come.
2. That is down.
3. As he came into the room.

Question 10.
Pick-out the sub-ordinate clauses and name them : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. He said not to go to school became he was ill.
2. Ram said that he was present.
3. The boy who is coming is my friend.

Answer:

1. He was ill
2. He was present.
3. Who is coming.

Question 11.
pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. That he is honest is beyond any doubt.
2. I do not know when he came from.
3. The book that you took is mine.

Answer:

1. He is honest.
2. He came from.
3. You took is mine.

Question 12.
pick out the subordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]

1. I know the girl who is dancing.
2. Sing while you play.
3. I don’t follow what you say.

Answer:

1. Who is dancing.
2. You play.
3. What you say.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 11 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Grammar Analysis English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.

Bihar Board Class 11 English Grammar Idioms and Phrases

(परीक्षाओं में प्रायः पूछे गए phrases का संकलन)

प्रयोग के अनुसार phrase कई प्रकार के होते हैं –

1. जो phrase noun का काम करते हैं, वे noun phrase कहलाते हैं। इनका प्रयोग subject, object या complement के समान होता है। जैसे –

He has seen many ups and down in life.
Birds of a feather flock together.

2. जो phrase adjective का काम करते हैं वे adjective phrase कहलाते हैं । वे noun या pronoun की विशेषता बताते हैं। जैसे –
I dislike your hole-and-corner policy (secret policy – गुप्त नीति)

3. जो phrase verb का काम करते हैं, वे verbal phrase कहलाते हैं । जैसे –

To be about-To be engaged in (व्यस्त होना, व्यस्त रहना)- What is he about ? (वह किस काम में व्यस्त है ?)
To be after-to desire (प्राप्ति की इच्छा करना)- What is he after ? What does he want to have ?

4. जो phrase adverb का काम करते हैं वे adverbial phrase कहलाते हैं। जैसे-
He left the city bag and baggage.
He threw himself into the work heart and soul.

Note – विद्यार्थी अक्सर भूल से ‘bags and baggage’ के पहले या ‘heart and soul’ के पहले ‘with’ का प्रयोग करते हैं। उन्हें यह ख्याल रखना चाहिए कि ‘bag and baggage’

का अर्थ ही होता है ‘with all belongings’, उसी प्रकार ‘heart and soul’ का अर्थ होता है ‘with all heart’.

5. जो phrase preposition का काम करते हैं वे prepositional phrase कहलाते हैं। Prepositional phrase के बाद सदा noun या pronoun का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –
He is superior to me in point of age.

6. जो phrase conjunction का काम करते हैं वे conjunctional phrase कहलाते हैं।
जैसे – He fled away as soon as he saw the police.

7. जो phrase interjection का काम करते हैं ये interjectional phrase कहलाते हैं।
जैसे – Woe to me ! Well done !

Some Noun Phrase in Common Use

A lame excause – unsatisfactory (असन्तोषजनक बहना) – Headache is a lame excuse for absence.
A man of letters – a scholar (बिद्वान आदमी) – Radhakrishna was man of letter.
A man of spirit – courageous (उत्साही आदमी) – Shivaji was a man of spirit.
All in all (सर्वसर्वा)- The headmaster is all in all in the school.
Bed of roses – comfortable place (सुखद स्थान) – A thorn is not a bed of roses.
Hue and cry – noise (हल्ला – गुल्ला) – The villagers raised a hue and cry at the sight of the robbers.
Ins and outs – details (सभी बातें) – I know the ins and outs of the matter.
Jack of all trades – One who knows something of eveything (हरफन मोला) – A Jack of all trades is generally the master of none.
Pros and cons – Everything in favour of or against (पक्ष एवं विपक्ष की सभी बातें) – I thought over the pros and cons of the matter.
Ups and downs – rise and fall (उस्थान और पतन) – He has seen may ups and downs in his life.
Up and doing – busy, active (व्यस्त,फुर्तीला) – One should be always up and doing.

Some Adjective Phrases in Common Use

At sixes and sevens – in a disorderly manner (अवयव स्थित दशा में) – He keeps his books at sixes and sevens.
High and low – everywhere (हर जगह) – He searched for his cycle high and low.
In black and white – in writing (लिखित रूप) – Give your statement (en) in black and white.
In vogue – in force (प्रचलित) – Purda system is still vogue among the Muslims.
Null and void – Invalid (बेकार,नाजायज) – The old rules becomes mull and void when are replaced by new ones.
Right or wrong – whether the action is right or wrong (उचित हो या अनुचित) – I must do it, right or wrong.

Slow and steady (धीमा और अविचल व्यक्त) Slow and steady wins the race.
Through thick and thin – through difficult and easy obstacles (कठिनाईयों में) – My friend has helped me through thick and thin.

Some Adverbial Phrases in Common Use

Above all – before any other consideration (सर्वपरि) -Above all, be careful about your studies.
After all-in spite of every fact to the contrary (सब कुछ विपरीत होते हुए भी) – After all, he is a good man. (यद्यपि उसमें कुछ दोष है, फिर भी वह अच्छा आदमी है)
Again and again इन तीनों phrases का एक ही अर्थ है
Over and over again These three phrases mean ‘very often’ ‘बार – बार’
Time and again – Boys should pronounce difficult words time and again.
As a matter of fact – really (वात्सव में) – He lives in a fine style, but as a matter of fact, he is mean fellow.
As far as (जहाँ तक) – As far as I know, he is an honest man.
As it were – मानो (यह adverbial clause है) – A teacher is, as it were, the father of a child.
Asif – मानो – यह conjunctional phrase है । As if के बाद subject और verb से बना हुआ clause लिखना आवश्यक है ।
Sometimes she weeps and sometimes she laughts, as if she were mad.
At all-in the least (जरा भी)- Negative sentence को जोरदार बनाने के लिए बहुधा इसका प्रयोग होता है He does not read at all.
At once- immediately (शीग्र) – He came at once.
At present – (वर्तमान समय में) – At present he is living in Bihar.
At random – without any aim (बिना लक्ष्य के) – He fired at random.
By and by – after an interval; after a time (कुछ समय के बाद) – You will feel better by and by.
By far- decidedly (निशचित रूप से) – He is by far the best in the class.
By all means – in every possible wasy (हर तरीकेसे) – Do it by all means.
By no means in no way (किसी भी तरह से नहीं) – You can, by no means. take away my cycle.
By the by incidentally (किसी भी बात के सिलसिले में अचानक) – by the by our English teacher told us something about planets and stars.
Hither and thither – to and fro (इधर – उधर) – A mad man was moving hither and thither on the road.
Far and away beyound all comparison; decidedly (निर्व्वाद रूप से) – He is far and away the best speaker in the province
Far and wide/Far and near – इन दोनों phrases का एक ही अर्थ है – everywhere (सर्वत्र)
His fame spread far and wide.
He searched for his lost son far and near.
For good and all – for ever (सदा के लिए) – The Englishman left India for good and all.
Heart and soul – whole – heartedly (दिल और जान से) – He threw himself into the work heart and soul.
In fact – really (वास्तव में) – He weres a fine look, but in fact he is a rogue.
In the long run – eventually (अंततोगत्वा) – You will succeed in the long run.
In time, at proper time, not late (ठीक समय पर) – We should go to school in time.
In vain – with no tangible result (निष्फल) – He laboured hard to pass the examination but in vain.
Little by little gradually (धीरे – धीरे) – He is progressing little by little.
Now and then- occasionally (बहुध) – He comes to my house now & then.
Of course, naturally (जैसा स्वाभाविक है) – He failed at the examination and, of course, he was sorry for it.
Off and on – irregularly (अनियमित रूप से कभी – कभी) – He read English off and on.
On and on- continuously, regularly (नियमित रूप से लगातार) – He worked on and on for many years.
Once for all (सदा के लिए) – I tell you once for all that you should never smoke again.
On the contrare rather (प्रत्युक इसके विपरीत) – I do not admire him; on the contrary I hate him. इसका प्रयोग Conjunction की तरह भी होता है।
On the whole – (taking everything into consideration (वस्तुत सब प्रकार से) – on the whole, he appears to be a good man (considering all his merits and demerits he appears to be a good man)
One and all – apeveryone (सभी) – One and all did not accept this leadership.
Over and above – in addition to; besides (अतिरिक्त) – He lost his book and was beaten over and above for his carelessness. इसका प्रयोग Prepositional Phrase की तरह भी होता है Over and above what he lost, he was beaten for his carelessness.
Over and over again – same as ‘again and again’.
So far as (जहाँ तक) – So far as I know, he is poor,
Sooner or later-eventually (कालक्रम से) – A thief will be caught sooner or later.
The other day – not long ago – इसका प्रयोग भूतकाल में होता है इसका अर्थ है ‘कुछ दिन पहले, हाल ही में किसी दिन अभी – अभी उसी दिन’ – He came to my house the other day.
Time and again-Same as ‘again and again’.
Through and through – fully (पूर्णतया) – He read the book through and through. He was drenched through and through.
To and frombackward and forward (आगे पीछे) – He was moving to & fro.

Some Adverbial Phrases (Idioms with Adverbs)

As usual (पहले जैसा) – The train was late today as usual.
At any rate (किसी भी हालत में) – It is bad; at Any rate, not good.
At times (कभी – कभी)- Even a sinner feels ashamed of himself at time.
At most (अधिक – से – अधिक) – I can give you at most ten rupees.
Far and near (Far and wide) (सर्वत्र) – This news has spread far and near (far and wide).
For long (बहुत दिनों तक) – A good man is remembered for long.
Once again or, over again or, once more (एक बार और) – Can you do it once again (over again, once more).

Prepositional Phrases (Idioms with Preposition)

By way of (रूप में) – I told you by way of advice.
In keeping with (मेल से) Your action should be in keeping with your speech.
In accord with (अनुसार,समान) – Your news is not in accord (accordance) with us.
In harmony with (मेल से, सौहार्दपूर्ण)- Your attitude is not in harmony with us.
In agreement with (अनुकूल, एकमत)- What can I do if he does not act in agreement with me.
In search of (खोज में)- I am in search of knowledge.
In proportion to (अनुपात में) – He is not paid in proportion to his labour.
On the eve of (कुछ पहले)We had a dinner on the eve of the Pujas.
On the ground of (आधार पर) – You are excused on the gound of ignorance
Owing to (कारण से), He is absent owing to his illness.
With an eye to (ध्यान में रखकर), Let us work with an eye to future.

Some Verbal Phrases in Common Use

To be after – tobe in pursuit of (किसी वस्तु की प्राप्ति के फेर में रखना) – What is he after ? (वह किसी चीज़ की प्राप्ति केलिए परेशान है ?)
To be at home in to be expert in (निपुण होना) – He is quite at home in English.
To be at home to be at ease (घर की तरह आराम से रहना – I am quite at home in his house.
To be at large – to be free from restraint (बंदनामुख्त होना) – His dog is chained in the daytime, but it is at large in the night.
To be in fault – to be guilty (दोषी होना) The accused was in fault.
To be at fault – to be puzzled (घबड़ा जाना) – My memory was in fault, so I could not recite the poem correctly.
To bring out – to publish (प्रकाशित करना) – The Anjana Prakashan of Patna will bring out its new edition next year.
To cut short (काम होना) – His life was cut short due to cholera.
To come across – happen to meet or find by chance (अचानक मुलाक़ात होना, अचानक पा जाना) – I came across an old friend of mine in the park.
To fall short of – to become less (काम होना) – His income falls short of his expenditure. (उसकी आमदनी खर्च से काम है)
To fall flat on – to have to effect (प्रभाव नहीं डालना) – His speech fell flat on the audience.
To get rid of –to be free from (छुटकारा पाना) – A man can get rid of temptations (प्रलोभन) by practising virtue (सद्गुण).
To get by heart – to memorize (याद करना) – You must get you lesson by heart.
To hold good to be applicable to (लागू होना) – This rule holds good in this case.
To look down upon – to look with contempt (घृणा की दृष्टी से देखना) – We should not look down upon the poor.
To make room – to accommodate (स्थान देना) – The gentleman moved a little and made room for me in the compartment.
To pur up with (सहना) – I cannot put up with such an insult.
To run short-to be exhausted (घाट जाना) – Food ran short in my house.
To take care of -to be careful (सावधान होना) – Take care of your money, otherwise you will repent.
To take hold of – to catch (पकड़ना) -The police took hold of the robbers in the den.
To take place to happen (होना) – His marriage will take place tommorrow.
Attend to (ध्यान देना)-You must attend to your work.
Blow out (फुंक कर बुजाना) – Blow out the candle.
Break away (भाग जाना) – I saw the thief but he broke away.
Breaks in (ट्रैनिंग देना) – He breaks in his horse.
Break into (अचानक) – A thief broke into my house.
Bring forth (जन्म देना)-Trees bring forth new leaves in spring.
Bring up (पालन पोषण होना या किया जाना) – I was brought up by my mother.
Call in (बुला भेजना) – Call in a doctor at once.
Call up (याद करना) – I cannot call up that old incident.
Carry on (आगे बढ़ना) – It is useless to carry on this business.
Deals in (व्यापार करना) – The merchant deals in rice.
Dwells in (रहना निवास करना) – He dwells in a dirty house.
To fall in (एक ख़तार में खड़ा होना) Boys were asked to.
Fall out (झगड़ा करना)Sometimes even fast friends fall out.
Fall flat (असर ना होना) – All my appeals fell flat on the mob.
Get over (विजय पाना) – I got over the difficulty at last.
Give up (पूर्ण रूप से छोड़ना) – One must give up bad habits.
Give way (गिर जाना) – The house gave way during rain.
Go through (सभी संकटों का सामान करना) – I am prepared to go through fire and water to help my friend.
Hanker after (for) (तीव्र इच्छा , आकांक्ष होना) – He always hankers after (for) money.
Held in (रोख कर रखा जाना) – The spirited horse was held in.
Keep off (अलग करना) – Keep off bad company.
Look into (जांच करना) – He is looking into the case.
Look after (देखभाल करना) – A mother looks after her children.
Make up (i) (पूरा करना) – The enemy was asked to make up.
(ii) (तय करना) – You should make up your mind soon.
Put off (i) (स्थागित करना) – Don’t put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
(b) The meeting was put off.
(ii) (छोड़ देना) – You should put off these dirty clothes.
Run after (पीछा करना) – Do not run after money.
Run short (ख़त्म हो जाना) – My money has run short.
Set free (मुख्त करना छोड़ देना)-All Ithe prisoners were set free.
Take after (सदृश होना) – Children take after their parents.
Take up (आरम्भ करना) – You should take up the work now.
Turn out (i) (एकचित्र होना) – The whole village turned out to welcome her.
(ii) (बन्ध करना) – Please turned out the tap.
(iii) (निकाल दिया जाना) – He was turned out of the examination hall.

Some Prepositional Phrases in Common Use

As to – regarding (विषय में)As to whether he will consent, it is too early to say.
At home in-expert (निपुण) in – I am at home in mathematics.
At the bottom of (के मूल में) – The eldest son was at the bottom of all the quarrels in the house.
According to (के अनुसार) – The police acted according to the orders of the officer.
Because of owing to (के कारण) – He did not go to school because of his illness.
By dint of – with the help of (आधार पर) – He got success over the river by means of a boat.
By force of की सहायत से) – He regained his health by force of regular exercise.
By means of – by the use of (के प्रयोग द्वारा) – He crossed the river by means of a boat.
By virtue of – on the ground of (आधार पर) – He deserves free-studentship by virtue of his merit.
By the side of – beside (के बगल में) The child was sitting the side of his mother.
For the sake of – to earn (उपार्जन करना) – He labours hard for the sake of money.
For want of – due to the shortage to (की कमी के कारण) – Crops failed for want of rain.
In accordance with according to (के अनुरूप) – Your actions are not in accordance with your words.
In case of – in the state (event) of (की हालत में) – Do not lose heart in case of failure.
In common with along with (साथ – साथ) -The monitor was fined in common with other boys.
In connection with (के सम्बन्ध में) – I went to my friend’s house in connection with my brother’s marriage.
In course of – while progressing (के सिल सिले में) – The leader said many things in course of his speech.
In defence of – in projection of (के बचाव में) – The pleader argues in defence of his client.
In defiance of – in violation of (के विरुद्ध) – The sepoys rebelled in defiance of law.
In face of – against, in the presence of (बावजूद सामना करते हुए) – He kept on making progress in face of difficulties.
In favour of – on the side of (के पक्ष में) – Our leaders are in favour of compulsory primary education.
In front of-opposite (के सामने) – There is a tank in front of my house.
In honour of – as a mark of respect (के विचार से) – The school was closed for two days in honour of the Governmer’s visit to the schvol.
In honour of as a substitute for (के बदले में) – He gave me a watch in liew of the money lent out to him.
In point of – in resepect of (के विचार से) He is superior to me in point of age or in respect of age.
In quest of (की खोज में) – He is in quest of a good job.
In spite of – notwithstanding (बावजूद होते हुए भी)-In spite of hard labour he failed at the examination.
In stead of – in place of (के विजय) – He wasted his time instead of working hard.
In view of – considering (के विचार से) – He deserves help in view of his poverty.
In sight of (दृष्टिगोचर होना) – He came in sight of ariver, i.e., he saw a river.
In the event of -in case of (की हालत में) – Try again in the event of failure.
In the guise of – In false dress (के बनावटी वेश में) -The robbers entered the house in the guise of policemen.
In the teeth of – again (विषम स्थति के बावजूद) – He moved the resolution in the teeth of opposition.
In order to – to (के लिए) – Labour hard in order to get through the examination.
In regard to – in connection with (के सम्बन्ध में)-I have nothing to say in regard to this matter
On account – due to (के कारण) – He did not go to schol on account of his illness.
With a view to – with the aim of (के उद्देश्य से) – He joined college witha view to getting higher education.
(स्मरण रहे कि with a view to के बाद verb में ing का व्यवहार होता है)
With an eye to keeping in view (को ध्यान में रहते हुए) – He lays by something with an eye to the future.
With reference इन तीनों phrase का अर्थ है “In connection with’
With regard to (के सम्बन्ध में) Have you got any thing to say with
With respect to reference to his conduct, or with regard to his conduct ?

Some Conjunctional Phrases in Common Use

As soon as (ज्यों ही) – The bell rang as soon as I reached the school.
As well as -and (और) – He as well as Hari is in fault.
In as much as – because (क्योंकि)-He must be punished inasmuch as he has neglected his task. [Inasmuch को तोड़-तोड़कर in much नहीं लिखें]
In case-if (यदि)-Try again, in case you fail.
In order that – so that (जिससे की) – it denos purpose-He work in order that he may pass the examination.
No less than (कम नहीं) – He is no less quality than you are.
No sooner than (ज्यों ही) – No sooner had I reached the school than the bell rang.
So long as या as long as (जब तक) – It never denotes ‘time before’ -You will get money as long as you work. So long as the world lasts, the sun will shine over us.

Miscellaneous Idioms and Phases in Common Use

As usual -as in the ordinary practice (सदा की भांति) – I went there in the morning, as usual.
At best (अधिक-से-अधिक) – At best he is only a moderate speaker.
All in all – vested with all power (सरसावा सभी अधिकारों से युक्त) – The headmaster is all in all in his school.
At the eleventh hour – at the last moment (अन्तिंम क्षण में)-A doctor was called in at the eleventh hour when the patient was dying.
All the same – (i) of equal importance (एक ही बात) – It is all the same whether it is done by you us by me.
In all – total (सब मिलाकर) – There are, in all, 620 students in my school.
Let loose -to free (बंधनमुक्त करना)- He lets his dog loose at night.
Make good to compensate (क्षतिपूर्ति करना) – You will have to make good the loss I have incurred owing to your negligence.
Nick of time at the opportune moment (ठीक समय पर) -A doctor came in the nick of time.
Out of temper -angry (क्रुद्ध) – This man seems to be out of temper.
Of no avail – usless (निरर्थक)-Your excuses are of no avail.
Over head and ears (पूर्णतया) – He is over head and ears in debt.
On no account – in no case (किसी भी हालत में नहीं) – School fees, once deposited, can on no account be refunded or cannot be refunded on any account.
On all hands-by all (सभी के द्वारा)-It is admitted on all hands that honesty is the best policy.
On an average – taken as an average (औसत रूप से) – On an average, he earns Rs. 40/- a month.
On one’s account – for one (कि की खातिर) – I am ready to undergo difficulties on your account.
On the strength of – on the ground of (के बल पर) He was awarded a scholarship on the strength of my recommendation.
Part and parcel portion (भाग)-Kashmir has long been a part and parcel of India.
Rhyme or reason valid cause (ठोस कारण)-He turned out his servant without rhyme or reason.
Red-hunded while committing crime (अपराध करते समय) – The thief was caught red-hunded (चोरी करते समय).
Somehow or other – anyhow (किसी तरह)-He managed somehow or other to purchase a motor car for himself.
To learn by heart -to get by heart (याद कर लेना) – He learnt all the lessons by heart.
To rain cats and dogs -to rain heavily (मूसलधार पार बरसाना)-It was raining cats and dogs when he came.
To build castles in the air. – to imagine (हवाई महल बनाना) – It is no use building castles in the air.
To end in smoke – to have no effect (निष्फल होना)-All their attempts to reform the society ended in smoke.
To fall flat-have no effect (बेअसर) – His speech fell falt on the audience,
To go a long way – to do much (बहुत कुछ करना) -The reconmmendation of the headmaster went a long way in securing him a good service.
To hold water to be valid (जायज होना) – Your arguments do not hold water (are not sound or valid).
To lay stress-to emphasize (जोर देना) – The congress leaders laid streass on the need of basic education.
To nip in the bud -to destroy in the beginning (आरम्भ में ही नष्ट कर देना)-All his plans were nipped in the bud owing to his sudden illness.
To poison the ears of-to give false reports (कान भरना, झूठी शिकायत करना) – They were poisoning the ears of the Secretary against that man.
To call to order-(अनुशासित करना) – The teacher called the boys to order when they were making a noise.
To be at one-to agree (सहमत होना) – am at one with him on this point.
Upon one’s sweet will – on one’s own desire (अपनी इच्छा पर) -It depends upon my sweet will whether I do it today or tomorrow.

Micellaneous Phrases

Bed of roses (आनन्दप्रद वस्तु)-Life is not a bed of roses.
A bird’s eye view (सरसरी नजर) – I took a bird’s eye view of the whole place.
Cast Iron will (दृढ़ जो मुड़ना सके)-Sardar Patel was a man of cast iron will.
Chicken hearted (कायर)-A Soldier must not be chicken hearted.
A fair hand (साफ लिखावट)-A candidate gets credit for a fair hand.
A fool’s paradise (झूटी आशा में) -If you hope to pass, you are in a fool’s paradise.
French leave (बिना आज्ञा सा सूचना की अनुपस्थिति)-The student was fined for taking french leave.
With an iron hand (कढ़ाई से)-The riot was supressed with an iron hand.
Jack of all trades (किसी काम में निपुण नहीं, किन्तु सभी कार्यों में हाट डालना)-If · you are a jack of all trades you are master of none.
Maiden speech (जीवन में प्रथम सार्वजनिक भाषण) – The M.P.’s maiden speech was not impressive.
Nick of time (एन मौके पर)-He reached in the meeting at the nick of time.
An open secret (जो गुप्त बात सबको मालूम हो)-It is an open secret that casteism is a key to success in Bihar.
Pandora’s box (वरदान के रूप में अभिशाप)-Several inventions have proved to be a pandora’s box for mankind.
Rank and file (साधारण जनता) – Necessary steps should be taken by the government for the welfare of the rank and life.
Tall talk (घमण्ड भरी लम्बी चौड़ी बातें करना)-One must work, for more tall talk won’t do.
Up to mark (उचित योग्यता के अनरूप) – Most of the students were quite up to the mark.
White elephant (लाभ के स्थान पर हानि की वस्तु)-A motor car is a white elephant for teacher.
Yellow journalism (समाचार पत्रों में सस्ती तथा सनसनी पत्रकारिता, पीत पत्रकारिता) Yellow journalism cannot be appreciated.

Important Questions Solved

Question 1.
Use three of the following idioms and phrases in sentences as to bring out their meaning. [Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
Take after, Make out, Apple of discord, Broken reed, Bring up.
Answer:
Take after – The son takes after his father.
Make out – The police could not make out anything from the available information.
Apple of discord – The house is an apple of discord between the two brother.
Broken reed – Don’t realy on him, he is a broken reed between the two brothers.
Bring up-After his father’s death he was brought up by his uncle.

Question 2.
Use the following idioms and phrases in sentences of your own so as to bring out their meaning clearly. (Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
Answer:
Ups and downs, Rainy day: Vook and corner.
Answer:
Ups and downs – He has seen many ups and donws in his life.
Rainy day – One must lay be something against rainy day lest one should suffer.
Nook and corner – I looked into every nook and corner of my room but I could not find my pen.

Question 3.
Identify idioms and phrases in the composition given below. [Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) Old habits die hard.
(b) Seeing the police, the thief took to his heels.
(c) There is an old lady at the door asking for you.
Answer:
(a) die hard
(b) took to his heels
(c) asking for.

Question 4.
Identify idioms and phrases in the composition given below: (Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
(a) She is intelligent, labourous and above all honest.
(b) By and by every one left the place.
(c) He is a Jack of all trades but master of none.
Answer:
(a) above all
(b) by and by
(c) Jack of all trades.

Question 5.
Use any three of the following idioms and phrases in sentence : (Sample Paper 2009 (A)]
At hand, At any cost, Apples of one’s eye, Look for, Part and Parcel.
Answer:
At hand-My examination is at hand.
At any cost-I have to do it at any cost.
Apples of one’s eye-She is apple of her mother’s eye.
Looks for–He is looking for good job.

Question 6.
Use three of the following idioms and Phrases in sentences of your own : [Board Exam. 2009 (Art)]
ups and downs, tum over, without fail, off and on, above all.
Answer:
Ups and downs-Mohan has seen many ups and down in his life
Turn over – Vikas turned over everything of his room.
Without fail – We must do our duties without fail.
Off and on – He goes to the market off and on.
Above all-Above all we should be kind to poor.

Question 7.
Use the following idioms and phrases in sentences of your own so as to bring out their meaning clearly : [Board Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]
Ups and downs, Rainy day, Nook and courner.
Answer:
Ups and downs – We should not be disheartened by ups and downs in our life.
Rainy day – We should make necessary arrangement for rainy day in order to avoid inconvenience.
Nook and corner – Every nook and corner of my house is neat and clean.

Question 8.
Use the following Idioms and Phrases in sentences of your own as to bring out their meaning clearly : (Sample Paper 2010 (A)]
(a) call off
(b) come accross
(c) look after.
Answer:
(a) The strike was called off after almost all theiremands were coneded.
(b) While going to the market came across an astrologer who to me lost of things about my past.
(c) Ram looks after the business of his father after his death.

The main aim is to share the knowledge and help the students of Class 11 to secure the best score in their final exams. Use the concepts of Bihar Board Idioms and Phrases English Solutions in Real time to enhance your skills. If you have any doubts you can post your comments in the comment section, We will clarify your doubts as soon as possible without any delay.