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Bihar Board Class 12 English Grammar Analysis
Analysis का अर्थ होता है वाक्य के अंगों या अंशों को अलग-अलग कर उनकी जाँच करना। सविधा की दृष्टि से इस कार्य को हम तीन भागों में बाँट सकते हैं –
(A) वाक्य के Clauses को अलग-अलग करना ।
(B) उन Clauses का नामकरण करना ।
(C) वाक्य का नामकरण करना।
[A] How to Find Out Clauses
सबसे पहले हमें यह देखना है कि clause किसे कहते हैं, क्योंकि इसके बिना clauses को अलग-अलग किया ही नहीं जा सकता । कुछ लोग दिये हुए वाक्य को अन्दाज से कई टुकड़ों में बाँट देते हैं। यह तरीका ठीक नहीं। यह तो सच है कि clause किसी sentence का एक भाग होता है, पर sentence का हर भाग clause नहीं भी हो सकता है।
Sentence के उस भाग (part) को clause कहते हैं जिसमें Subject और Finite Verb हों। यदि Subject और उसके Finite Verb का पता लग जाए, तो clauses आप-से-आप अलग हो जाएँगे, पर कुछ लोगों को इनका (Subject और Verb का) पता ही नहीं चलता ? इसलिए यहाँ इन दोनों पर विस्तारपूर्वक विचार करना आवश्यक है।
How to Find Out the Subject
आप जानते हैं कि केवल Noun या उसके equivalents (जो शब्द Noun का काम करें ही Subject हो सकते हैं, जैसे –
- Noun – This book is good.
- Pronoun – He is a good man.
- Infinitive – To walk is healthy.
- Gerund – Walking is good.
- Phrase – What to do is difficult to decide.
- Clause – What he says is quite right.
इस तालीका (chart) की मदद से आप subject को आसानी से पहचान सकते हैं।
[A] How to Find Out the Finite Verb
Finite Verb उस Verb को कहते हैं जिसका Number और Person Subject के अनुसार होता है। जैसे –
1. We go home
2. He goes home.
पहले वाक्य का Subject (We) Plural है इसलिए यहाँ Verb (go) plural है अतः ‘go’ Finite Verbहै इसी प्रकार दुसरे वाक्य में Verb (goes) singular है क्यों की subject (He) singular है इसलिए goes भी finite verb है ।
Note (a): जिस Verb का Number और Person Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता अधात् जो Subject की परवाह नहीं करके सदा स्वतन्त्र रूप में रहता है। उसी Absolute Verbहते हैं। ये Absolute Verbs तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –
1. Infinitive – I like to walk.
2. Gerund – I am fond of walking.
3. Participle – (i) Present Participle – Going there he saw a tiger.
(ii) Past Participle – Having gone there they saw a tiger.
तो, इस प्रकार Finite Verb और Absolute Verb में बहुत अन्तर है । Finite Verb सदा Subject के अनुसार होता है पर Absolute Verb कभी भी Subject के अनुसार नहीं होता, जैसे –
1. Having gone there he saw a tiger.
2. Having gone there they saw a tige
पहले वाक्य में Subject (he) Singular है और दूसरे में (they) Plural; पर Verb का रूप एक ही है। यही लक्षण Infinitive और Gerund का भी है।
इसलिए Absolute Verb को कभी भी Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए, नहीं तो clauses ठीक-ठीक अलग हो ही नहीं सकते ।
Note (b) : कभी-कभी Infinitive (to + verb) का to चिह्न छिपा रहता है और केवल verb का प्रयोग होता है। इन वाक्यों को लें –
- He can speak.
- He should speak.
- he must speak.
- He had better speak.
- I made him speak.
- He did nothing but speak.
यहाँ speak Infinitive है । यह Finite Verb नहीं है। इसे Infinitive without to कहा जा सकता है। इसलिए ऐसे Infinitive को Finite Verb का एक भाग मान लेना चाहिए, इसे Finite Verb नहीं समझना चाहिए । इन सभी वाक्यों में केवल एक-एक Finite Verb है –
can speak, should speak, must speak, had better speak.
(ii) Elliptical (Contracted) Sentences.
Kinds of Sub-ordinate clauses
Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार के होते हैं –
- Noun Clause
- Adjective Clause.
- Adverb Clause.
1.Noun Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद एक संज्ञा (Noun) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है।
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Noun Clause बनाते हैं –
1. That John is a theif was not known to me.
2. He was told that he must not be late again.
3. Listen to what the teacher says.
4. The fact is that he knows nothing.
2. Adjective Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी विशेषण (Adjective) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है।
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Adjective Clause बनाते हैं –
1. The Company that supplied goods has failed.
2. The house where my brother lives has been sold.
3. Adverb Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी क्रिया-विशेषण (Adverb) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है।
1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. You should act as the doctor advises you.
4. He talks as if he were mad.
Noun Clause
Noun Clauses निम्न शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –
Who, which, what, when, where, whether, why,if, how, that क
Kinds of Noun Clauses
(i) Noun Clause,Object to verbor preposition
Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Transitive Verb या Preposition के Object (कर्म) के रूप में आता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती हैं.:
I think that he is poor
It depends on what your plan is.
ध्यान दें कि –
Rul I. Who/Which आदि से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause N.C. तब होता जब यह P.c. में ओय हुए Transitive Verb या Preposition का Object होता है।
Rule II. Who/Which/That आदि का अर्थ हिन्दी में ऐसा शब्द होता है, जो ‘क’ से आरम्भ होता है; जैसा-कि, कौन, क्या, कब, कहाँ ।
Example :
1. I don’t know/who has stolen my pen. who = कौन।
2. I don’t know/whether she is poor. whether = कि।
3. Tell me/how you have come. how = कैसे।
4. I find/that he is not honest. that = कि। .
5. I will judge you by/what you do. what = क्या।
(ii) Noun clause (Subject to a verb)
Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, Subject का कार्य करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
Noun Clause – P.C.
What he says – is right
That he is honest – Is known to all.
Why he killed her – Is a mystery.
(iii) Noun Clause complement to a Verb
P.C.+ N. CI[As Complement]
Noun Clause, Noun 19, (complement) at foref I DÀ वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –
जैसे – My opinion is that he is a driver.
(i) My opinion is – Principal Clause
(ii) That he is a driver – Noun Clause Complement to a verb ‘is’.
(iv) Noun clause in apposition to Noun
Noun Clause, एक Noun के समान, apposition का कार्य करता है, अर्थात् Noun की व्याख्या करके उसे स्पष्ट करता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –
P.C. [With A Noun] – + N.C. (In Apposition)
I haven’t heard the news – that he has resigned.
I hold the view – that she is guilty.
(a) I have heard the news. – P.C.
(b) That he has resigned – Sub. Noun clause in apposition to the noun new’s.
(v) Noun Clause in apposition to ‘it’
P.C. + N. C. (In Apposition to it.)
ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
P.C. [It + is + noun/adj.] – + N.C. (In Apposition to it)
It is sure – that he will pass.
It is evident – that he a criminal.
(a) It is sure.- P.C.
(b) That he will pass, – Noun Clause in apposition to”It”.
Adjective Clauses
Adjective Clause इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं –
that, who, which, why, when, where, how
(i) Kinds of Adjective clause
(1)P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause, एक Adjective के समान, किसी noun की विशेषता बताता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
P.C. [With Noun] + Adjective Clause
I know the girl – who is dancing
I have read the book – that is lying here.
ध्यान दें कि –
Rule I. Who/Which/That if # 37114 Ettalin clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में आये हुए Noun की विशेषता बताता है।
Rule II. ऐसे Noun और Adjective Clause के बीच कॉमा नहीं रहता।
इन वाक्यों को लें –
1. I don’t know the man/who is standing there. who = जो
2. He desn’t know the place/where he was born. where = जहाँ
3. He doesn’t know the time/when he will reach. when = जब
(ii) Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C.
कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –
Noun + Adjective Clause + P.C. [Verb + Other Words]
The reason why she was absent is not known.
The boy/who is here/is intelligent.
(a) The boy is intelligent – P.C.
(b) Who is here – Adj. Clause.
(iii) Noun + Adjective Cl. [Without Conj.] + P.C.
कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
(a) The boy is my brother.- P.C.
(b) You help – Adjective clause qualifying Noun ‘boy’
(c) The food/you eat/is not pure.
(d) The boy is my brother. – P.C.
(e) You eat – Adj. clause qualifying the noun-‘food’.
(iv) Noun + Adj. Cl. [Without Conj.] +Prep. + P.C.
कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट ऐसी होती है –
(v) P.C. + Adj. Clause [With As/But]
कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
ध्यान दें कि-Rule 1. As/But से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause Adjective Clause तब होता है जब यह P.C. में प्रयुक्त Noun के बाद आता है और उस Noun की विशेषता बताता है ।
Adverb Clauses
Kinds of Adverb Clause
Sub-ordinate Adverb clause के निम्न प्रमुख भेद हैं –
(i) Adverb clause of Time : Principal Clause + Adverb Clause of Time कुछ Adverb clauses से समय (time) का भाव व्यक्त होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –
Adverb Clause of Time इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –
as, after, as soon as, as long as, as quickly as, before, when, whenever, while, since, till, than, until, the moment/ the minute.
Note (a):-No sooner से आरम्भ होनेवाला clause होता है Principal और than से आरम्भ होनेवाला होता है Adverb Clause : जैसे –
No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(a) No sooner had the thief entered than I woke up.
(b) Than I woke up-Adv. Cl.
(ii) Adverb clause of place
P.C. + Adverb Clause of Place:
कुछ Adverb Clauses से स्थान (Place) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –
कुछ और वाक्य लें –
1. I live where he lives.
2. He feels happy wherever he lives.
3. Where there is a will there is a way.
ध्यान दें कि Adverb Clause of Place इन Subordinating conjunctions से aid – where, wherever.
(iii) Adverb Clause of Condition
P.C. + Adverb Clause of Condition
कुछ Adverb Clauses से शर्त (condition) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होती है –
P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Condition]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Condition) + P.C.
- Unless you work hard, you can’t get success.
- Write to me in case you need money.
- If you work hard, you will get success.
- He has to do the work, whether he likes it or not.
- Hand he gone to Delhi, he would have seen the Red Fort.
- Were I the Chief Minister, I would abolish examinations.
- You may stay here so long as you behave well.
- You may take this book provided you return it to me in a week.
ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन Subordinating conjunctions से आरम्भ होते हैं –
if, unless, in case, supposing, provided.
(iv) P.C. + Adverb Clause of Comparison
कुछ Adverb Clauses से तुलना (comparison) का बोध होता है जैसे –
1. Mohan is as rich as Sohan.
2. Radha is richer than Mohan.
3. The more you have, the more you want.
ध्यान देखो ऐसे Adverb Clauses इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –
as, than, the + comparative degree
(v) Adverb clause of concession ·
P.C. + Adverb Clause of Concession
कुछ Adverb Clauses से यद्यपि-तथापि (concession) का बोध होता है। इसलिए Adverb Clause में जो कुछ कहा जाता है उसके विपरीत (Contrast Principal Clause में कहा जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट इस प्रकार की होती है –
P.C. + Adverb Clause [Showing Concession]
Or, Adverb Clause (Showing Concession) + P.C.
- Though he is poor, he is happy.
- Although he started late, he caught the bus.
- Even if though she deceives me, I won’t harm her.
- However rich he may be, he is not happy.
- However hard he may work, he can’t get success.
- Wherever he may go, he can’t be happy.
- Considering/admitting that he is very old, he is in good health.
‘Adverbs of Concession इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते हैं, क्योंकि इनका अर्थ होता है -“यद्यपि”
though, although, even if, even though, for all, no matter, it doesn’t matter, come what may, say what you will, however + adjective/adverb, adjectivel adverb + as, much + as, whatever (चाहे कुछ भी), wherever (चाहे कहीं भी), considering that, admitting that, not withstanding that.
(vi) Adverb clause of Cause
P.C. + Adverb Clause of Casue
कुछ Adverb Clauses से कारण (cause) का बोध होता है और उनकी बनावट होती है –
P.C. + Adverb Clause (Showing Cause)
Or
Adverb Clause (Showing Cause] + P.C.
- He missed the train because he started late.
- As he was ill, he was absent yesterday.
- Since he is poor, he should be helped.
- Now that he is dead, we shouldn’t criticise him.
- I am glad that he has passed.
- I am sorry that she has failed.
- I am glad that you agree with me now.
- He needn’t be punished in as much as he offers an apology.
ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –
as, because, since, now that, considering that, in that, in as much as, seeing that, noun + that, adjective + that.
(vii) Adverb clause of Purpose
कुछ Adverb Clauses से उद्देश्य (purpose) का बोध होता है और इनकी बनावट होते है –
- We work that/so that/in order that we may be happy.
- He died that/so that/in order that man might learn a lesson.
- Note down the point, lest you should forget it.
ध्यान दो की ऐसे Adverb Clauses of Causes इन शब्दों से आरम्भ होते है –
that, so that, in order that, lest.
(viii) Adverb clause of Result
P.C. + Adverb Clauses of Result/Consequence
कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य होने के परिणाम/फल (result/consequence) का बोध होता है और Principal Clauses के कारण (cause) का भाव व्यक्त होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –
कुछ और वाक्य लें –
- He is so great that he forgives even his enemies.
- The door is so high that the baby can’t reach it.
- She ran so fast that she won the race.
ध्यान दें कि ऐसे Adverb Clauses आरम्भ होते हैं that से और Principal Clause में _so या such आता है। इस प्रकार, वाक्य में so…..that/such….. that का प्रयोग होता है।
(ix) Adverb Clause of Manner
P.C. + Adverb Clause of Manner
कुछ Adverb Clauses से कार्य करने की रीति/ढंग (manner) का बोध होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों की बनावट होती है –
[C] How to Name a Sentence
इस प्रकार, clause को पहचान लेने के बाद, अन्त में हमें यह देखना चाहिए कि अमुक वाक्य किस तरह का है। कुछ लोग वाक्य को पहले ही पहचानकर clauses को अलग करते हैं और तब नामकरण करते हैं। मेरी समझ में यह तरीका तो घोड़े के आगे गाड़ी रखने के समान है। हम वाक्य का नामकरण कर ही कैसे सकते, जब तक यह पता ही न चले कि अमुक वाक्य में कितने clauses है और वे किस प्रकार के हैं ? इसलिए sentence का नामकरण अन्त में होना चाहिए । पर, यह किया कैसे जाय? इसके लिए वह जानना आवश्यक है कि वाक्य कितने प्रकार के होते हैं।
बनावट की दृष्टि से Sentence चार प्रकार का होता है –
(i) Simple
(ii) Compound
(iii) Complex
(iv) Mixed.
(i) Simple Sentence =1 Principal Clause.
(ii) Compound Sentence = at least 2 Principal Clause.
(iii) Complex Sentence = Simple Sentence + Subordinate Clause.
(iv) Mixed Sentence = Compound Sentence + Subordinae Clause.
इस प्रकार हम देखते हैं कि Simple और Compound Sentences में Subordinate Clause नहीं रहता, पर इन दोनों में अन्तर यह है कि Simple में एक ही Principal Clause रहता है ओर Compound में एक से अधिक अर्थात् कम-से-कम दो) Principal Clauses.
Complex Sentence में सिर्फ एक ही Principal.Clause रहता है जैसे कि Simple में, पर Complex में कम-से-कम एक Subordinate Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।
Mixed Sentence में कम-से-कम दो Principal Clauses और कम-से-कम एक Subordinae Clause का रहना आवश्यक है।
Some Important Solved Questions
Question 1.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences :
- When the cat is away, the mice will play.
- We love them, that love us.
- As far as I know, Ram Lal is not to blame.
Answer:
- The mice will play.
- We love them.
- Ram Lal is not to blame.
Question 2.
Pick out the principal clauses in the following sentences.
- The place where I reside is far off from here.
- He that is down needs fear no fall.
- The man whom I met at the railways station is my friend.
Answer:
- The place is far off from here.
- He needs fear no fall.
- The man is my friend.
Question 3.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]
- As he entered the room, he saw a snake.
- I know who he is.
- Walk carefully lest you should fall.
Answer:
- As he entered the room – Sub-ordinate clause.
- Who he is sub – ordinate clause.
- Lest you should fall – Sub-ordinate clause.
Question 4.
Analyse the following sentences : [Sample Set 2009 (A)]
- If I were a bird, I would fly.
- I believe in the principle that fortune favours the brave.
Answer:
- (i) I would fly-Principal clause.
(ii) If I were a bird — Subordinate, Adverb clause of condition.
- (i) I believe in the principal – Principal clause.
(ii) That fortune favours the brave – Sub-ordinate Noun clause.
Question 5.
Analyse the following sentences: [Sample Set 2009 (A)]
- The principal liked your idea; so did I.
- When bell rang students came out of the class.
Answer:
- (i) The principal liked your idea – Principal clause.
(ii) So did I – Co-ordinate clause to (i).
- (i) Students came out of the class – Principal clause.
(ii) When the bell rang – Sub-ordinate Adverb clause.
Question 6.
Identify the following sentences whether they are compound or complex. [Sample Set 2009 (A)]
- The sun rose and the fog dispersed.
- He returned home when the evening came.
- I know Rani who is a clever girl.
Answer:
- Compound sentence
- Complex sentence
- Complex sentence.
Question 7.
Pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : (Board Exam. 2009 (Art)]
- He said that he was going to the school.
- I have read the book that is lying there.
- As he is ill, he is absent.
Answer:
- That he was going to the school- Sub-ordinate clause
- That is lying there – Sub-ordinate clause
- As he is ill-Sub-ordinate clause.
Question 8.
Pick out the Principal clauses in the following sentences : [Boare Exam. 2009 (Sc. & Com.)]
- That he will come today is certain.
- I know who he is.
- Walk carefully lest you should fall.
Answer:
- It is certain
- I know
- Walk carefully.
Question 9.
Identify sub-ordinate clause in the following sentences : (Sample Set 2010 (A)]
- That he will come today is certain
- He that is down needs fear no fall.
- As he came into the room all rose to their feet.
Answer:
- That he will come.
- That is down.
- As he came into the room.
Question 10.
Pick-out the sub-ordinate clauses and name them : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]
- He said not to go to school became he was ill.
- Ram said that he was present.
- The boy who is coming is my friend.
Answer:
- He was ill
- He was present.
- Who is coming.
Question 11.
pick out the sub-ordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]
- That he is honest is beyond any doubt.
- I do not know when he came from.
- The book that you took is mine.
Answer:
- He is honest.
- He came from.
- You took is mine.
Question 12.
pick out the subordinate clauses in the following sentences : [Sample Set 2010 (A)]
- I know the girl who is dancing.
- Sing while you play.
- I don’t follow what you say.
Answer:
- Who is dancing.
- You play.
- What you say.
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