Bihar Board 12th Business Studies Model Question Paper 5 in English Medium

Time : 3 Hour 15 Min
Full Marks : 100

Instructions

1. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
2. Figures in the right hand margin indicate full marks.
3. 15 minutes of extra time has been allotted for the candidate to read the questions carefull.
4. This question paper has two sections : Section -A and Section-B.
5. In Section-A, there are 50 objective type questions which are compulsory, each carrying 1 mark. Darken the circle with black/blue ball pen against the correct option on OMR Sheet provided to you. Do not use Whitener/ Liquid/Blade/Nail on OMR Sheet, otherwise the result will be treated as invalid.
6. In Section-B, there are 25 Short answer type questions, out of which any 15 questions are to be answered. Each question carries 2 marks. Apart from this, there are 08 Long answer type questions, out-of which any 04 of them are to be answered. Each question carries 5 marks.
7. Use of any electronic device is prohibited.

Objective Type Questions

Question No. -1 to 50 have four options provided, out of which only one is correct. You have to mark, your selected option, on the OMR-Sheet. Each questiion carries 1 (one) mark. [50 x 1 = 50]

Question 1.
Profession in an Art _________
(a) Work by other
(b) Self work
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Work by other

Question 2.
Project Evalution is _________
(a) 1986
(b) 1987
(c) 1968
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) 1986

Question 3.
Risk capital establishment established For _________
(a) Import Analysis
(b) Export Analysis
(c) Both (a) and
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Import Analysis

Question 4.
A good Plane is ________
(a) Expensive
(b) time consuming
(c) flexible
(d) rigid
Answer:
(c) flexible

Question 5.
“Management is a profession.” This statement is of _________
(a) George R. Terry
(b) Henry Fayol
(c) American Management Association
(d) Lawrence A. Appley.
Answer:
(c) American Management Association

Question 6.
Of all managerial activities planning is the _________
(a) beginning
(b) end
(c) beginning & end both
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) beginning

Question 7.
For delegation of authority to be effective, it is essential that accompanied with is necessary
(a) authority
(b) main power
(c) incentives
(d) Promotion
Answer:
(a) authority

Question 8.
Recruitment in the life of organisation is _________
(a) continuous
(b) occasionally
(c) once
(d) twice
Answer:
(a) continuous

Question 9.
In effective communication. language should not be used.
(a) expressive
(b) impressive
(c) ambiguous
(d) courteous
Answer:
(c) ambiguous

Question 10.
Who was the father of scientific management ?
(a) H. S. Parsons
(b) Diemer
(c) F. W. Taylor
(d) Charles Babbage
Answer:
(c) F. W. Taylor

Question 11.
Method (s) of training is /are _________
(a) conference
(b) lectures
(c) apprenticeship
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) conference

Question 12.
Henry Fayol’s principles of management are _________
(a) 10
(b) 3
(c) 14
(d) 15.
Answer:
(c) 14

Question 13.
Financial manager takes decision as to _________
(a) finance
(b) investment
(c) dividend
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) finance

Question 14.
Effective controlling is _________
(a) static
(b) pre-determined
(c) dynamic
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) dynamic

Question 15.
Supervision is an element of _________
(a) leadership
(b) planning
(c) direction
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) direction

Question 16.
Capital market deals in _________
(a) short-term funds
(b) medium-term funds
(c) long-term funds
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 17.
Consumer Protection Act was passed in _________
(a) 1886
(b) 1986
(c) 1996
(d) 1997
Answer:
(b) 1986

Question 18.
Headquarters of SEBI is in _________
(a) Delhi
(b) Mumbai
(c) Kolkata
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(b) Mumbai

Question 19.
Grapewine is _________
(a) formal Communication
(b) barriter to communication
(c) lateral communication
(d) Informal communication
Answer:
(a) formal Communication

Question 20.
Marketing includes _________
(a) Purchase
(b) Sales
(c) Warehousing
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 21.
Advertisement is deemed as _________
(a) Wastage
(b) Investment
(c) Luxury
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Investment

Question 22.
Bank overdraft facilities are available on _________
(a) Savings Bank Account
(b) Current Account
(c) Term Deposit Account
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Current Account

Question 23.
New issued shares deal in _________
(a) Secondary Market
(b) Primary Market
(c) Secondary Market and Primary Market both
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Primary Market

Question 24.
Budget is a statement of budgetary policy.
(a) Financial
(b) Final
(c) Work
(d) Non-financial
Answer:
(a) Financial

Question 25.
Main component (s) of New Economic Policy is/ are _________
(a) Liberalisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Privatisation
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Globalisation

Question 26.
Authority cannot be delegated of _________
(a) Routine work
(b) Secret work
(c) Ordinary work
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Secret work

Question 27.
The proporinder of adminisimtive management was _________
(a) Fayol
(b) Taylor
(c) Terry
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Taylor

Question 28.
Which of the following depends on the sweet will of employees ?
(a) Formal Organisation
(b) Informal Organisation
(c) Functional Organisation
(d) Divisional Organisation
Answer:
(b) Informal Organisation

Question 29.
Co-ordination is _________
(a) voluntary
(b) necessary
(c) unnecssary
(d) waste of time
Answer:
(b) necessary

Question 30.
Fixed capital is needed for period _________
(a) short
(b) long
(c) short and long both
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) long

Question 31.
Controlling is the aspect management.
(a) Theory
(b) Behaviour
(c) Mental
(d) Physical
Answer:
(b) Behaviour

Question 32.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of entrepreneurship ?
(a) Risk taking
(b) Innovation
(c) Creative activity
(d) Managerial training
Answer:
(d) Managerial training

Question 33.
Comprehensive plan for accomplishing an organisation’s objectives as _________
(a) Policy
(b) Programme
(c) Objective
(d) Strategy
Answer:
(d) Strategy

Question 34.
Barrier in effective communication is _________
(a) language
(b) distance
(c) individual differences
(d) all of these
Answer:
(c) individual differences

Question 35.
Which one amongst the following is not the Consumer product _________
(a) Raw material
(b) Refrigrator
(c) Old figure
(d) Share
Answer:
(c) Old figure

Question 36.
The disputes which come under Consumer Protection Act are _________
(a) disputes as to sale of shares by a company
(b) disputes of Penal Nature
(c) disputes as to sale of defective goods by the seller
(d) service disputes.
Answer:
(c) disputes as to sale of defective goods by the seller

Question 37.
Entrepreneurial Development institute of India is situated in _________
(a) Ahmedabad
(b) Mumbai
(c) New Delhi
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(a) Ahmedabad

Question 38.
The organisation spreading rumours is called _________
(a) Formal
(b) Informal
(c) Centralised
(d) Decentralised
Answer:
(b) Informal

Question 39.
The maximum duration of commercial paper is _________
(a) 3 months
(b) 6 months
(c) 12 months
(d) 24 months
Answer:
(a) 3 months

Question 40.
Stock exchange protects the interest of _________
(a) Investor
(b) Company
(c) Government
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Investor

Question 41.
which following is called “The Father of Scientific Management.”
(a) Alton Meyo
(b) F. W. Taylor
(c) Feyol
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) F. W. Taylor

Question 42.
Management is :
(a) An art
(b) A science
(c) An art and science both
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) An art and science both

Question 43.
14 principle of management is represented _________
(a) Henry Feyol
(b) F. W. Taylor
(c) Peter Drucker
(d) A. H. Maslo
Answer:
(a) Henry Feyol

Question 44.
In which following is important step in planning ?
(a) Decision
(b) Organiation
(c) Asiimption
(d) Direction
Answer:
(c) Asiimption

Question 45.
To whom social liabilities of management :
(a) To whole society
(b) Employee class
(c) Government
(d) Organisation
Answer:
(a) To whole society

Question 46.
What is the function of management ?
(a) Planning
(b) Organisation
(c) Direction
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of these

Question 47.
The main object of budgeting is :
(a) Planning
(b) Co-ordination
(c) Controlling
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Controlling

Question 48.
“Scope of controlling” principle represented by :
(a) Henry Feyol
(b) Alton Meyo
(c) F. W. Taylor
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Alton Meyo

Question 49.
In inspiration’s “the principle of originated necessities” represented by :
(a) Hurjburg
(b) Maslo
(c) Alton Meyo
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Maslo

Question 50
communication is that _________
(a) One-sided process
(b) Two-sided process
(c) Multiple-sided process
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) One-sided process

Non-Objective Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Question no. 1 to 25 are Short answer type questions. Answer any 15 out of them. Each question carries 2 marks. (15 x 3 = 30)

Question 1.
State the nature and characteristics of Principles of Management.
Answer:
Management Principles : These are the statement of fundamental truth based on creation and systematic analysis which provides guidlines for managerial decision making and action.
Nature and charecteristics of management Principles are the same which are following :

1. Flexiblity
2. Univarsal application
3. lack of unanimity
4. Beharourial.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Scientific Management ?
Answer:
Meaning : Scientific management means a sound management technique that tends to eliminate wastage harmonises the different factors and processes of production and pings about an all around efficiency in the working of the organisation.

Definition : Scientific management means knowing exactly what you want men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and the cheapest way.

Question 3.
State the meaning of Liberalisation.
Answer:
Industrial economy in India has always been regulated by licensing system and bureaucratic procedure regulated in red – tapism and rampant corruption.These obstacles obstructed economic growth. Liberalization is the process of freeing the economy from licence system and other regulations.
Features of liberalisation :

1. Simplifying importance export procedure
2. Simplifying the process of attracting foreign capital and technology,
3. To do away with the necessity of having a license for most of the industries
4. Removing restrictions for the movement of goods and services from one place to another
5. Freedom in determining the scale of business activities
6. Freedom to fix, the prices of goods and, services
7. Reduction in the rate of taxes
8. Freedom from unnecessary control over economy.

Question 4.
Describe the limitations of planning.
Answer:
The major limitations of planning are as follows:

1. Planning leads to rigidity : A well defined plan is drawn up with specific goals to be achieved within a specific time frame.These plans then decide the future course of action and managers may not be in the position to change it.This kind of rigidity in plans may create difficulty.
2. Planning may not work in a dynamic environment : The business environment is dynamic, nothing is constant.Planning cannot foresee everything and thus, there may be obstacles to effective planning.
3. Planning reduces creativity : Planning is an activity which is done by the top management.Usually the rest of the members just implements these plans.Thus, planning in a way reduces creativity since people tend to think along the same lines as others.There is nothing new or innovative.
4. Planning involves huge costs : When plans are drawn up huge costs are involved in their formulation.These may be in terms of time and money for example,checking accuracy of facts may involve lot of time.
5. Planning is a time – consuming proces :
   Sometimes plans to be drawn up take so much of time that there is not much time left for their implementation.
6. Planning does not grantee success.

Question 5.
What is financial management ?
Answer:
Financial management is concerned with optimal procurement as well as usage of finance for optimal procurement, different available sources of finance are identified and compared in terms of their costs and associated risks. Similarly, the finance so procured needs to be invested in a manner that the returns from the investment exceed the cost at which procurement has taken place. Financial management aims at reducing the cost of funds procured keeping the risk under control and achieving effective deployment of such funds. It also aims at ensuring availability of enough funds whenever required as well as avoiding idle finance.

Question 6.
Explain the elements of directing function of management.
Answer:
Direction includes the following elements:

1. Supervision : The term ‘supervision’ is normally used in management to mean overseeing the employees at work. Itimplies, instructing, observing, monitoring and guiding the subordinates at work place to ensure that plans and procedures are implemented as intended.
2. Communication : Communication is a process which involves a sender of- massage and a receiver.Communication is complete only when the receiver is able to interpret the massage as desired by the sender and responds to it.Communication is regarded as a two way process.The process of communication begins when one person wants to transmit a fact; idea ,opinion or other information to someone else.
3. Leadership : Leadership may be defined as the process of influencing the behavior of people at work towards the realization of specified goals.lt involves ability to use non- conceive influence on the activities,goals and motivation of others for achieving organizational objectives.
4. Motivation : Motivation is a mental state. lt is a driving force that people to action and continuous them in action.Motivation is the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways.

Question 7.
What is function of Stock Marketing ?
Answer
The functions of stock markets are mentioned below :

1. Liquidity : Stock exchange provides a ready market for the securities issued by various institutions.
2. Promotes the habit of saving and investment: Stock exchange promotes the habit of saving and investment among the general public.
3. Safety of Dealing : Stock exchange protects the interests of investors against malpractices or dishonesty through

(a) strict enforcement of rules and regulations, framed to protect the interests of investors,
(b) strict rules and regulation for listing of securities. In case the brokers adopt any malpractice in their dealings, their membership may be suspended for some time or cancelled or fine may be imposed.

Question 8.
Enumerate the sales promotion .
Answer:
Sales Promotion has defined by various authors as under :

1. L.KJohnson : “Sales Promotion consists of all those activities whose purpose is to supplement,to coordinate and to make more effective the efforts of the sales force,of the advertising department and of distributors and to increase sales and otherwise stimulate consumers greater initiative in buying.”
2. American Marketing Association : “Sales promotion comprises those marketing activities,other than personal selling,advertising and publicity that stimulate consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness,non -recurrent selling efforts not in the ordinary routine.”
3. Luick and Zeiler :”Sales promotion as a tool of markets promotions gives rise to increase in product usage as well as expansion of markets for a product or introduction of a new product.”

Question 9.
Explian the four functions of management.
Answer:
The four functions of management are as follow :

(i) Planning : Planning is the function of determining in advance what is to be done and who is to do it. This implies setting goals in advance and developing a way of achieving them efficiently and effectively. Planning cannot prevent problems but it can predict them and prepare contingency plans to deal with them if and when they occur, .

(ii) Organising : Organising is the management function of assigning duties, grouping tasks, establishing authority and allocating resources required to carry out a specific plan. It determines what activities and resources are required. It decides who will do a particular task, what it will be done, and when it will be done. Organizing involves the grouping of the required tasks into manageable departments or work units and the establishment of authority and reporting relationships.

(iii) Staffing : Staffing is finding the right people for the right job. A very important aspect of management is to make sure that the right people with the right qualifications are available at the right places and times to accomplish the goals of the organisation. This is also known as the human resource function and it involves activities such as recruitment, selection, placement and training of personnel.

(iv) Directing : Directing involves leading, influencing and motivation employees to perform the tasks assigned to them. This requires establishing an atmosphere that encourages employees to do their best motivation and leadership are two key components of direction. Directing also involves communicating effectively as well as supervising employees at work. Motivating workers means simply creating an environment that makes them want to work.

Question 10.
Write short notes on function of financial management ?
Answer:
The finance all manager in order to achieve the objectives of financial management, performs many functions. These functions involve many financial decisions which may be discussed under two groups.

(a) Principle functions
(b) Supplementary functions.

(a) Principle functions :
These are the types of principle functions :

1. Estimatiay the financial Requirements
2. Decision a bout capital structure,
3. Dividend Devisions.

(b) Supplementary functions:
These are the types of supplementary functions :

1. Cash management,
2. Report with Investors
3. Stock Exchange Trends.

Question 11.
What are the advantages of partnership ?
Answer:
The advantages of partnership are as following :

1. Easy to starts : There is no complicated legal procedure to start partnership. It does not take much expenditure to start partnership. It can be started very easily.
2. Sufficient capital: Partnerhsip has more capital resources as compared to sole trade. It can even get Model larger amount of loans from other institutions on easy terms.
3. More resources : The partnership has resources, contributed by at the most ten persons in banking and twenty persons in other busness. It is also the combination of the talent of many persons, working as partners.
4. Specialization in management : A division of work in partnership is done in accordance with scientific management principles.
5. Balanced decision : Decisions are taken jointly by consulting each other, therefore, the partnership is able to take balanced decision.

Question 12.
Discuss the four points of marketing.
Answer:
The four points of marketing are :

1. Product
2. Price
3. Place
4. Promotion and are discussed as below :

(i) Product : Product means goods or services or ‘anything of value’, which is offered to the market of for exchange.
For example : Hindustan Lever Company offers, number of consumer products like toiletries (close- up, tooth paste, lifebuoy, soap ec.) The important product decisions include decisions about the features, quality, packaging, lebelling and branding of the products.

(ii) Price : Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. The marketers have not only to decide about the objectives of price sitting but to analyse the factors determining the price and fix a price for the firm’s products.

(iii) Place : Place or physical distribution include activities that make firm’s products available to the target customers. Important decision areas in this respect include selection of dealers or intermediaries to reach the customers, providing support to the intermediaries. The other decision areas relate to managing inventory, storage and warehousing and transportation of goods from the place it is produced to the place it is required by the buyers.

(iv) Promotion : Promotion of products and services include activities that communicate availability features, merits etc. of the products to the target customers and persuade them to buy it. The promotional activities and spend substantial amount of money on the promotion of their goods through using number of tools such as advertising, personal selling and sales promotion techniques (like price discounts, free samples, etc.)

Question 13.
What is money market ?
Answer:
Enterprises need money, both for short medium and long’term. Medium and long medium and long term funds are raised in the capital market.
Short term funds are collected from the money market, short term means less than one year. Thus, money market is the market that facilitates the procurement of funds for short term or current requirements.
Some are the tools of money market-

1. Treasury Bill
2. Inter bank call money
3. Commercial paper
4. Certificate of Deposits
5. Trade bill / commercial bill

Question 14.
Define business company.
Answer:
The formation of a joint-stock company in India is to be done as per rules and guidelines envisaged in the companies act 1956. The meaning of companies business related with joint stock companies. Joint stock companies are made for profit and it is a optional institution which capital are undistributed in transferable shares. That is the mean it anybody can sell and purchase its share. The liabilities of the members are limited and general. It has a fixed existence and it is a artificial person and it is formed by common seal.

Question 15.
What are source of credit marketing ?
Answer:
In business the question of credit creditability is of almost significance in turns of an entrepreneur’s efforts on the basis of which the financial agencies and the businessman remain loyal and omitted to each other. This creditability is built on the basis of the business-man discipline creditability is achieved with a lot of efforts and difficulties and no remedy is available when it is lost. The transaction of the goods in the parties on the basis of commercial credit. It is called credit-marketing.

The sources of credit marketing are different type for example shares, debentures, banking companies and financial institutions from these sources traders get finance.

Question 16.
What is the role of profit/advantages in business.
Answer:
Roal of business should be profit maximisation some points are as follows :

1. Profit is the reward of labour.
2. Profit is the means of the satisfaction of human needs.
3. It is a measure of business efficiency.
4. Profit is the base of business protection, growth and stability.
5. Profit is the base of social responsibilities.
6. Profit is the cause of extension of various economies.
7. Profit is the base of exchange.
8. Profit is an incentive.

Question 17.
What is importance of consumer protection ?
Answer:
Consumer protection has a wide agenda. Importance of consumer protection from the consumers point of view.
Importance of consumers protection from the point of view of business are as follows :

1. Long-term interest of business : Satisfied customers not only lead to repeat sales but also provide good feedback to prospective customers and thus, help in increasing the customer base of business.
2. Business uses society’s resources : Business organisations use resources which belong to the society. They thus, have a responsibility to supply such products and render such services which are in public interest.
3. Socila Responsiblity : A business has social responsibilities towards varousnterest groups. Business organisations make money by selling goods and providing services to consumers.
4. Moral jusuficaPon : It is the moral duty of any business to take care of consumer’s interest and avoid any form of their exploitation. Thus, a business must avoid unscrupulous, exploitative and unfair trade practices like defective and unsafe products, adulteration, false and misleading advertising, hoarding, black marketing etc.

Question 18.
Explain the importance of financial planning in modern age.
Answer:
The importance of financial planning can be explained as follows:

1. It tries to forecast what may happen in future under different business situations
2. It helps in avoiding business shocks and surprises and helps the company in preparing for the future
3. If helps in co-ordinating various business functions e.g.sales and production functions,by providing clear policies and procedures
4. Detailed plans of action prepared under financial planning reduce waste,duplication of efforts, and gaps in planning
5. It tries to link the present with the future
6. It provides a link between investment and financing decisions on a continuous basis
7. By spelling out detailed objectives for various business segments,it makes the evaluation of actual performance easier.

Question 19.
Discuss the importance of communication in any business organisation.
Answer:
It is rightly said that managerial functions cannot be carried out without an efficient system of communication.We can give following arguments in favour of our decision:

1. Better coordination : Communication serves as a tool for coordinating activity.Coordination without communication is a remote possibility.Through communication employees come to know what is going on in other departments.
2. Quick decision and its enforcement : effective communication is needful for the quick
   decision.Effective communication translates the policies into effective instrument of seeing through the organisation on the veil of its progress.Effectiveness of the policies can be judged from its success which surely depends on effective communication system.
3. High morale of the employees : The effective medium of the communication develops the feeling of mutual trust.Hence,workers offer their proposals,suggestions and ideas.If suggestions of the workers are properly cared and promoted ,they will feed proud.All these help in boosting morale of the employees.

Question 20.
Explain the social responsibilities of the management.
Answer:
Social obligations means the responsibility of business to act in a manner which will serve the best interest of the society. The following are the various points which is need for assumption of social responsibilities :

1. Long-term business interest: While a business must seek to maximize profits and wealth, it must not igonre social and human problems of the society. Business is an important part of the society.
2. Government Intervention : The Government has favorable attitude towards business which fulfill their social obligations. Laws to prevent unfair trade practices, black marketing, overcharging, adulteration etc. bear proof of this.
3. Use of society’s resources : Business is a creation of the society and so it should respond to the requirements of the society. It is essential that every business enterprise should fulfill its social responsibilities.
4. Public image : If a business is conscious of its social responsibilities it will certainly enjoy a favorable image and will retain the needed credibility with the public.
5. Moral justification : Every business uses capital, physical, human resources of the society for business purposes.

Question 21.
Explain the various structures of organisation.
Answer:
The various forms of business organisations which is discussed follows :
(a) Sole proprietorship
(b) Joint hindu family business
(c) Partnership
(d) Cooperative societies and
(e) Joint stock company

(a) Sole proprietorship : Sole proprietorship is simple form of organisation. It is said that this organisation was evolved at the time when the man started living in family. As the time changed its shape and size went on changing. Only that person is responsible for its profits and losses. and services, creates employment opportunities, adopts new technology for the greater good of the people and leads the path towards growth and developments.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question no. 26 to 33 are Long answer type questions. Answer any 4 of them. Each question carries 5 marks. (4×5 = 20)

Question 26.
“Money spent on advertising is a waste.”Do you agree with this view ? Give reasons in your answer.
Answer:
“Money spent on advertising is a waste.” We do not agree with this statement.The given statement is based on the following agreements :

1. Advertising makes people to buy things which they do not really need.
2. Advertising destroys utilities of old models already in used.Advertising introduces new products with modern technology.For example with the introduction of colour television,black and white TV,become unpopular.
3. Advertising leads to discontent in the minds of those people who are temperate to purchase advertising goods but are not able to do so because they cannot afford to buy.
4. The cost of advertisement has to be borne buy the consumers.
5. Advertising tends to develop monopolices which are not desirable from social point of view .For example ,Daldavanaspati ,coalgate toothpaste ,lux toilet soap etc.have so much monopolised the market that is very difficult new manufactures to complete with these products.
6. Advertising is morely degrading .Advertisement excessive use of outrangingssetiments ,exciting .emotions nude poses of fair sex.They lower down the calculater and moral based of the new younger generation. However,abovecritictism are exaggerated and ill- founded.Advertising performs the number of economics function .Advertising leads to increase sales and helps the firm to produce on a large scale. It creates more business and it rises the standard of leaving. The utility of advertisement has proven. lt immense need to modern business and therefore we cannot say that all advertising is unnecessary and wasteful.

Question 27.
What do you mean by Entrepreneurship ?Explain any three needs of entrepreneurship.
Answer:
Entrepreneurship is a skill,a view- point ,a thinking, a technique and a working procedure. Entrepreneurship means he capability and tendency to bear risks involved in industry and business.Entrepreneurship is an art ,a tact .view point .thought and technique.Entrepreneurship is a group behavior and knowledge based activity.Following are the three needs of entrepreneurship :

1. Resource mobilizations : After getting appraisal from funding agents,entrepreneur starts identifying and assessment of various resources that are needed as inputs to produce the desired output.The types of resources to be taken care of will include:
   • Materials
   • Money
   • Machines
   • Market availability
   • Technology and
   • Human resources Entrepreneurs try their best to get these resources at minimum cost.
2. Scanning the environment : The process of setting up of an enterprise begins with the scanning of business opportunities.To scan business opportunities entrepreneur depends upon personal observations .personal and professional contacts.reports of governments and other official documents,Discoveries of new products .published documents etc.
3. Development of product of product/ service : Scanning of business environment helps the businessmen to know the opportunities available.For example, on scanning Indian and international environment one can find that due to liberalization in trade policy there is more scope, of external trade but exactly which product to export/import in which quantity,at what price,to which country ,etc.are the next decisions businessman has to take.

Question 28.
“Human beings cannot be only motivated through monetary incentives,non -incentives,non – monetary incentives are also necessary for motivate them.” Explain about non-monetary incentives in this context.
Answer:
Financial incentives are used to motivate employees for higher work.However,individuals have various needs which they want to satisfy while working in an organisation.People at comparatively higher level of managerial hierarchy attach more importance to socio- physycological needs which cannot be satisfied by money alone.

They want status and recognition in society;they want to satisfy there ego needs and they want to achieve something in their lives,thus .management ,in addition to the financial incentives provides non -financial incentives to motivate people in the organisation.

Forms of Non -financial Incentives: In order to motivate the employees .management may use the following forms of non-financial incentives:

1. Praise of appreciation of work done : Recognition of satisfactory performance acts as a non- financial incentive since it satisfies one’s ego needs.However,this incentive should be used with great care because praising an incompetent employee creates resentment among competent employees.
2. Workers’ participation in management : Participation in management provides strong motivation to the employees.Gives them psychological satisfaction if there voice is heard participants in management provides for two ways communication and so imbibes a sense of importance
3. Suggestion system : Suggestion system is an incentive with satisfies many needs of the employees. Many organisations which use the suggestion system make use of cash awards for useful suggestion .They sometimes publish the workers name with the photograph in the company magazine.This motivates the employees to be in search for something which may be of greater use to the organisation.
4. Competition : If there is healthy competition among individual employees ,group of employees ,it leads them to achieve their personal or group goals.Hence,competition acts as none financial incentives.
5. Opportunity for growth : Opportunity for growth is another kind of intensive.If the employees are provide opportunity for their advertisement and growth to develop their personality,they feel very much satisfied and more communicate to organisation goals.

Question 29.
Explain the sub-clause of Memorandum of Association.
Answer:
The memorandum of association contains the following clauses :
(i) Name clauses : Under this clause, the name of the company is stated. Any suitable name may be chosen subject to the following restrictions :

• The name of the company must not directly or indirectly incude the word ’President”, “King”, “Queen”, “Emperor”, “National Flag”, “Small soale” and cottage Industriesd”, “Federal”, “Municipal”, “Provincial” etc.
• It must not be objectionable under the provisions of the emblems, and names.
• It should not be identifcal with or resemble the name of any existing company.
• The proposed name should not be objectionable in any other manner. It must not hurt the feelings of any section, of the society.
• The name of a public company should end with the word “Limited”. In case of private company. The name should end with “Private Limited”.
• The name has to be displayed on every letter pad or any poster or display of the company.

(ii) Domicile clause : In this clause, name of the state in which the registered office of the company is to be situated is mentioned. Domicile clause is important as it determines the jurisdiction of the court.

(iii) Object clause : It is the most important clause of Memorandum of Association. It defines the limits and scope of the operations of the company. The object clause must specify the objects of the company in the following order :

• The main object of the company to be pursued by the company on its incorporation and the objects incidental to the attainment of the main objects
• Other object of the company not included in the above clause.

(iv) Liability clause : The fourth clause must state whether liability of the members is limited if so, whether it is limited by shares or by guarantee. In a company limited by guarantee, the liability clause will state the amount which each member, shold undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of liquidation of the company.

(v) Capital clause : This clause, states the amount of capital, with which the company is registered, unless the company is an unlimited company. The shares into which the capital is divided must be of fixed value, which is commonly known as the nominal value of the share, the capital is variously described as “nominal”, “authorised” or “registered”. The company cannot issue shares without altering the memorandum as provided by section 94 of the companies act, 1956.

(vi) Association clause : The memorandum concludes with the subscription clause in which there is a declaration of association. The subscribers to the memorandum declare :

“We, the several persons whose names and addresses subscribed, are desirous of being formed into a company in pursuance of this memorandum of association, and we respectively agree to take the number of shares in the capital of the company set opposite our respective names.”

Then follow the names, addresses, occupations of the subscribers, and the number of shares each subscriber has taken and his signatures attested by a witness

Question 30.
Discuss the importance and methods of training.
Answer:
The importance of training are as follows :

1. Training is a systematic learning, always better than hit and trial methods which lead to wastage of efforts and money.
2. Training increases, employee morale and reduces absenteeism an employee turnover.
3. Improved skills and knowledge due to training lead to better career of the individual.
4. Training makes the employee more efficient to handle machines. Thus, less prone to accidents.
5. It helps in obtaining effective response to fast changing environment technological and economic.

There are various methods of training. These are broadly categories into two groups : On the job and off-the job methods.

On the job methods :

1. Apprenticeship programmed : Apprenticeship programmes put the trainee under the guidance of a master worker. These are designed to acquire a higher level of skill.
2. Coaching : In this method, the superior guides and instructs the trainee as a coach. The coach or counseler sets mutually agreed upon goals.
3. Internship training : It is a joint programmer of training in which educational institutions and business firms cooperate.
4. Job rotation : This kind of training involves shifting the trainee from one department to another or from one job to another.

Off the job methods :

1. Class room lectures/conferences : The lecture or conference approach is well adapted to conveying specific information rules, procedures or methods.
2. Films : They can provide information and explicitly demonstrate skills that are not easily represened by the other techniques.
3. Case study : Taken from actual experiences of organisations, cases represente attempts to describe, as accruetly as possible real problems that managers have faced.
4. Computer modelling : It simulates the work environment by programming a computer to imitate some of the realities of the job and allows learning to take place without the risk or high costs.
5. Vestibule training Employees learn their jobs on the equipment they will be using, but the training is conducted away from the actual work floor.
6. Programmed instruction : The method incorporates a prearranged and proposed acquisition of some specific skills or general knowledge.

Question 31.
Explain the long term financial sources in business.
Answer:
The financial requirements of a company may be classified as :

1. Long term finance
2. Medium term
3. Short term finance.

(i) Long term finance : Long term finance required for five years and above. Such finance is used for investment in fixed assets such as land, building, plant and machinery, furniture etc. Fixed assets are those assets which are required for permanent use and are not meant for sale. Long term finance is raised from shareholders, debenture holder, financial institutions and retained earnings.
Following are the main sources of long term finance :

1. Issue of shares : ‘Share’ is a share in the share capital of a company. According to section 2(46) of the companies act, “A share is the share in the capital of a company and includes stock except where a distinction between stock and share is expressed or implied.”
2. Issue of Debentures : A debenture is an instrument issued under the common seal of the company, acknowledging its debt to the holder under the terms and conditions specified in the instrument.
3. Ploughing back of profit or retained profit: Ploughing companies do not generally distribute the whole amount of profits as dividend.A certain proportion is transferred to reserves and utilised as additional capital. Thus, the financial needs of a company can be yet by retaining a part of the annual profits.
4. Loans from specialised financial institutions Loan when a bank mokes an advance in lump-sum against some security. The entire loan amount is paid to the borrower either in cash or by credit to his account, financial institutios have been set up of all India and regional levels for accelarating the growth of industries. These are mainly IFCI, ICICI, SECs, IDBI, SIDFCs, LIC, and UTI.

Question 32.
“Authority can be delegated ,but not responsibility.” Explain.
Answer:
“Authority can be delegated ,but not responsibility.” This statement is explaining about importance of delegation.Delegation or Authority is a process of sharing of tasks and authority between a manager and his subordinates.Delegation of authority is defined by Allen in the following words, “Delegation is the process a manager follows in dividing the work assigned to him so that he performs that part which only he,because of his unique organisational placement ,can perform effectively,and so that he can get others to help him with what remains.”
The following are the advantages of delegation or authority :

(i) Reduces the workload of managers : Delegation of authority permits a manager to share his workload with his subordinates. By passing on some of his own work to the subordinates,the manager is able to concentrate on more important aspects of his work-When delegation or authority takes place at all levels of the organisation it facilitates proper division of managerial work and its assignment to all managers in a systematic manner.

(ii) Basis of superior – subordinate relations : Delegation is the process by which superior – subordinate relations among managers are established.The flow of authority from the top management to lower levels is directed and regulated by the process of delegation.

(iii) Improves managerial effectiveness : In the delegation process managers pass routine work to the subordinates so they are free to concentrate on other important matters.The main job of managers is to get the work done effectively and by delegating the authorities and responsibilities.

(iv) Motivates subordinates : In the delegation when the manager is sharing his responsibilities and authority with the subordinates it motivates the subordinates as they develop the feeling of belonging and trust which is shown to them by their superiors.

(v) Facilitates the development of managers : Delegation is a source of development of managers.lt opens up opportunities for managers to acquire leadership and other skills and competency.They are required to exercise theirauthority,to handle situations and to solve managerial problems.

(vi) Facilitiesorganisational growth : In the process of delegation when the managers are passing their responsibility and authority to the subordinates they keep in mind the qualification and capability of all the subordinates.

Question 33
Mention the different external sources of recruitment.
Answer:
Anorganisation must recruit employeesfromoutside, i.e. through external sources.The important external sources of recruitment are as given follow :

(i) Factory gate : For recruitment of semi – skilled and unskilled employees a notice is put at the factory gate specifying the requirement of various types of workers.Job seekers wait outside the factory gate in the hope of finding some employment.

(ii) Waiting list: Very often organisations prepare and maintain a waiting list of employees from the applications of those candidates who had applied but could not be selected.

(iii) Employees recommendations : A large number of organisations ask their present employees to recommend the names of suitable candidates as and when a vacancy arises.The employees feel happy to recommend the names of their relatives and friends and ask them to apply for the jobs which suit them.

(iv) Labour union recommendations : It is a common practice in some organisations to ask the labour union(s) leaders to recommend the names of suitable candidates for the vacancies to be filled in the organisation.The leaders feel happy to suggest the names of suitable candidates.

(v) Private placement agencies : These are of recent origin now a days reputed private placement agencies such as Tata Consultancy Services are doing commendable jobs in this field.The agencies maintain data bank of specialists in various fields – skilled ,semi – skilled and even unskilled employees.

(vi) Employment Exchanges : Employment Exchanges have been set up by the government in metropolitan and other big other cities.People seeking employment get registered with the employment Exchange nearest to their place of residence.

(vii) Media advertisement: By far advertisement in leading newspaper,magazines and journals is a widely used method of external recruitment for skilled and specialisedjobs.lt is very effective due to the wide circulation.

(viii) Collages,institutions and campus: Reputed and multinational companies are recruiting employees through campus recruitment’ at reputed business schools,colleges and particularly at 1.1.Ms. Reputed institutions have 100% placements of their students.

Bihar Board 12th Biology Model Question Paper 1 in English Medium

Time : 3 Hours 15 Min
Total Marks : 70

Instructions for the candidates:

1. Candidates are required to give answers in their own words as far as practicable.
2. Figures in the right-hand margin indicate full marks.
3. While answering the questions, the candidate should adhere to the word limit as for as practicable.
4. 15 Minutes of extra time has been allotted for the candidates to read the questions carefully.
5. This question paper is divided into two sections: Section – A and Section – B
6. In Section – A, there are 35 objective type questions which are compulsory, each carrying 1 mark. Darken the circle with blue/black ball pen against the correct option on OMR Sheet provided to you. Do not use Whitener/Liquid/ Blade/Nail on OMR Sheet otherwise result will be treated as invalid.
7. In Section – B, there are Non-objective type questions. There are 18 Short answer type questions, out of which any 10 questions are to be answered. Each question carries 2 marks. Apart from this, there are 6 long answer type questions, out of which any 3 of them are to be answered. Each question carries 5 marks
8. Use of any electronic device is prohibited.

Objective Type Questions

Question No. 1 to 35 have four options provided out of which only one is correct. You have to mark your selected option on the OMR-Sheet. Each question carries 1 (one) mark. (1 × 35 = 35)

Question 1.
Scientific/Botanical name of Pear is
(a) Pyrus communis
(b) Pisum sativum
(c) Pyrus malus
(d) None of them
Answer:
(a) Pyrus communis

Question 2.
Reproduction by Budding occurs in which of the followings:
(a) Yeast
(b) Hydra
(c) Both A and B
(d) Amoeba
Answer:
(c) Both A and B

Question 3.
Vegetative propagation is carried out by means of Rhizome in
(a) Potato
(b) Ginger
(c) Turmeric
(d) B and C both
Answer:
(d) B and C both

Question 4.
Which among the following is an example of Bulb?
(a) Ginger
(b) Potato
(c) Onion
(d) Radish
Answer:
(c) Onion

Question 5.
Which type of Endosperm is found in Angiosperms?
(a) Haploid
(b) Diploid
(c) Triploid
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Triploid

Question 6.
In which of the followings Pollinia are found?
(a) Calotropis
(b) Pea
(c) Gram
(d) Grass
Answer:
(a) Calotropis

Question 7.
Which among the following is an example of Parthenocarpic fruit?
(a) Apple
(b) Pear
(c) Banana
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Banana

Question 8.
Mammary glands are modified
(a) Endocrine gland
(b) Lachrymal gland
(c) Sweat gland
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Sweat gland

Question 9.
Hoemochorial Placenta is found in which among the followings?
(a) Horse
(b) Human being
(c) Rabbit
(d) Dog
Answer:
(b) Human being

Question 10.
The test which is used for study of genetic disorders in a Foetus is called as
(a) Angiogram
(b) Laparoscopy
(c) Amniocentesis
(d) Clotting test
Answer:
(c) Amniocentesis

Question 11.
Cuscuta is
(a) Epiphytes
(b) Root Parasite
(c) Total stem parasite
(d) Both B and C
Answer:
(c) Total stem parasite

Question 12.
Which among the following is an example of Hydrophytes?
(a) Lotus
(b) Hydrilla
(c) Trapa
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 13.
Mutations can be induced by
(a) Gamma radiation
(b) Infra-red radiation
(c) Ethylene
(d) IAA
Answer:
(a) Gamma radiation

Question 14.
How many genes are responsible for ABO system of blood group in humans?
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
Answer:
(c) three

Question 15.
What is the distance between consecutive two nucleotides of B-DNA?
(a) 2.7 A
(b) 3.4 A
(c) 3.32 A
(d) 3.7A
Answer:
(b) 3.4 A

Question 16.
Which among the following is termination codon?
(a) AUG
(b) GUG
(c) UAA
(d) AAA.
Answer:
(c) UAA

Question 17.
The characteristic feature of DNA double helix is
(a) Complementary & anti-parallel
(b) Always circular
(c) Parallel
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Complementary & anti-parallel

Question 18.
Which among the following is vestigial organs in Man?
(a) Nictitating membrane
(b) Coccyx
(c) Both A and B
(d) Pelvic
Answer:
(c) Both A and B

Question 19.
The bird Archaeopteryx was found in which period?
(a) Triassic
(b) Jurassic
(c) Cretaceous
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Triassic

Question 20.
The study of fossils is called as
(a) Entomology
(b) Paleontology
(c) Analogy
(d) Homology
Answer:
(b) Paleontology

Question 21.
Which among the following sequence defines Ribonucleotide?
(a) Ribose sugar + Nitrogenous base
(b) Ribose sugar + Protein
(c) Ribose sugar + Phosphoric acid
(d) Ribonucleoside + Phosphate group
Answer:
(d) Ribonucleoside + Phosphate group

Question 22.
Name the organelle which helps in translation.
(a) Lysosome
(b) Ribosome
(c) Spliciosome
(d) Exone
Answer:
(b) Ribosome

Question 23.
Humoral immunity is related to which among the followings?
(a) A-cells
(b) B-cells
(c) T-cells
(d) K-cells
Answer:
(b) B-cells

Question 24.
Which among the following is Causative organism of Typhoid disease:
(a) Bacillus anthracis
(b) Plasmodium vivax
(c) Salmonella typhi
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Salmonella typhi

Question 25.
What is common to Earthworm, Mushroom, Dung beetle and Soil mites? They all are
(a) Herbivores
(b) Carnivores
(c) Omnivores
(d) Detritivores
Answer:
(d) Detritivores

Question 26.
Gir forest is famous for
(a) Giraffe
(b) Cheetah
(c) Deer
(d) Lion
Answer:
(b) Cheetah

Question 27.
What are the types of food chains in an Ecosystem?
(a) Grazing
(b) Detritus
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both A and B

Question 28.
Which among the following animals become extinct?
(a) White peacock
(b) Dodo
(c) Deer
(d) Tiger
Answer:
(b) Dodo

Question 29.
Which among the following is Xerophytic plant?
(a) Trapa
(b) Casuarina
(c) Opuntia
(d) Both b and c
Answer:
(c) Opuntia

Question 30.
An example of a natural gene cloning vector is-
(a) Circular plasmid
(b) Linear plasmid
(c) Ti-plasmid
(d) Virion
Answer:
(c) Ti-plasmid

Question 31.
Acid rain occurs due to
(a) CO and CO₂
(b) NO₂ and SO₂
(c) CO₂ and NO₂
(d) N₂ and NO₂
Answer:
(b) NO₂ and SO₂

Question 32.
Sharbati Sonora and Kalyan Sona are improved varieties of which among the followings?
(a) Rice
(b) Wheat
(c) Maize
(d) Pulses
Answer:
(b) Wheat

Question 33.
Which bacteria transform milk into curd?
(a) Clostridium
(b) Micrococcus
(c) Lactobacillus
(d) Streptococcus
Answer:
(c) Lactobacillus

Question 34.
Somatic embryogenesis can be done by
(a) Cell culture
(b) Tissue culture
(c) Protoplast culture
(d) Both B and C
Answer:
(b) Tissue culture

Question 35.
RNAi is a method used to control
(a) Ball worms
(b) Nematodes
(c) Bacteria
(d) Fungi
Answer:
(b) Nematodes

Non-Objective Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

In this section, there are 18 short answer type question (each carries 2 marks) out of which answers any ten (10) questions. (10 x 2 = 20)

Question 1.
What do you mean by Global Warming? Explain.
Answer:
If there is excess increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, then it would retain more and more of the infra-red radiation resulting in an enhanced greenhouse effect. Consequently, there will be increase in the global mean temperature which is referred to as Global Warming. It will cause melting of polar ice cap and glaciers. It also causes rise in sea level.

Question 2.
Describe the types of Biodiversity.
Answer:
Following are the types of Biodiversity :

1. Genetic diversity.
2. Species diversity
3. Ecological diversity.

Question 3.
Write an account of four benefits of transgenic animals for human welfare.
Answer:
Following are the benefits of transgenic animals :

1. Transgenic animals are routinely used in the laboratory as models in biomedical research.
2. Transgenic cow produces insulin in milk.
3. Transgenic sheep produces more wool.
4. Transgenic animals can be specifically designed to allow the study of how genes are regulated and how they affect the normal functioning of the body.

Question 4.
What is Binary fission ? Give suitable examples. Show it with the help of diagram.
Answer:
Binary fission reproduction takes place in Amoeba. Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and the nucleus divides by mitosis. A constriction appears in the middle and the amoeba gets divided into two daughter amoeba.Binary fission takeks place under favourable conditions.

Question 5.
What are Initiation codons ? Name them.
Answer:
AUG is in itiation codon. AUG stands for methionine, polypeptide chain begins with methionine

Question 6.
What do you understand by Tissue Culture? Illustrate its any two advantages.
Answer:
Plant tissue culture is the maintenance and growth of plant cells, tissues and organs on a suitable culture medium in vitor (in a container e.g., test tube).
Advantages of tissue culture: (i) Tissue culture helps to produce more copies of same plant with desired characters.
(i) It produces some clonal variations.

Question 7.
Draw the sketches of a Zoospore and a Conidium.
Answer:

Question 8.
Mention advantages of self pollination.
Answer:
Advantages :

1. It provides greater chances for pollination of flower.
2. It is economical and pollen grains are not to be produced in enormous quantities to ensure pollination.
3. There is no necessity of flower to be showy and of bright colour to attract pollinators.
4. It preserves the desired and parental charracters of plants.

Question 9.
What are Communicable diseases in human beings ? Describe with suitable examples.
Answer:
Such diseases which arise directly or indirectly through infection of one to another person.
Ex: Tuberculosis, Cholera, Malaria, AIDS, etc.

Question 10.
Write about poultry farm management in brief.
Answer:
It deals with the management and rearing of flows (chickens) ducks, turkeys and pleasants for the production of eggs and meats.
Steps of proper management of poultry farm :

1. Selection of disease free and suitable breeds.
2. Provision of moderate climatic conditions during summer and winter.
3. Provision of nutritions used and water.
4. Providing comfortable, well ventilated, dry and well illuminated poultry house.
5. Regular check up of poultry birds for diagnosis and treatment.

Question 11.
Write expanded form of the following:
(A) G.M.O.
(B) S.T.D.
(C) A.M.P.
(D) V.N.T.R.
Answer:
(A) G.M.O: Genetically Modified Organism.
(B) S.T.D: Sexually Transmitted disease.
(C) A.M.P.: Adenosine Mono Phosphate.
(D) V.N.T.R.: Variable Number Tandem Repeat.

Question 12.
Distinguish between Missing link and Connecting link.
Answer:
Missing link: It is a hypothetical extinct creature halfway in the evolutionary line between modern human beings and their anthropoid progenitors. Connecting link : Connecting link is an organism having characteristics of two different group of organisms, Ex : Peripatus is a connecting link between Annelida and Arthropoda.

Question 13.
Differentiate between :
(A) Ovipary and Vivipary
(B) Oestrius cycle and Menstrual cycle.
Answer:
(A) Ovipary: These are egg laying organisms, Ex: Fish, Frog etc.
Vivipary : Here development of embryo inside the body of parent takes place, leading to live birth of young ones. Ex. Man, Cow , etc.
(B) Oestrius Cycle and Menstrual Cycle : The females of placental mammals exhibits cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase. However in non – primate mammals like cows, sheep, rats, deers, tiger etc, such cyclical changes occurs during reproduction are called oestrius cycle whereas in primates, e.g. monkeys, apes, & humans it is called menstrual cycle.

Question 14.
Write the scientific name of causal organism of Malaria and Elephantiasis diseasse of human being.
Answer:
(i) Malaria : Plasmodium vivax.
(ii) Elephantiasis : Wuchereria bancrafti

Question 15.
What do you understand by noise pollution. Describe its various causes.
Answer:
Noise pollution is the propagation of noise with harmful impact on the activity of human life.
Sources : Washing Machine, Cooler, Vacuum Cleaner etc.

Question 16.
Mention any two applications of GelElectrophoresis in Biotechnology.
Answer:
Applications :
(i) DNA can be separated by Gel electrophoreny.
(ii) Electrophoeny is useful in both the creation and production of vaccines.

Question 17.
Match column A with B:
Answer:

Question 18.
Show diagrammatic representation of clover leaf model of t-RNA molecule and name the four arms.
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions

There are 6 long answers type question (each carrying 05 marks) out of which answers any three questions. (5 x 3 = 15)

Question 19.
What do you understand by Bio-fertilizer? What are the benefits soil gets from them? Name any two such bio-fertilizers.
Answer:
Bio-fertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of bio-fertilisers are microbes (eg. Bacteria, Fungi and Cyano-bacteria). The nodules on the roots of legunminous plants formed by the symbiotic association of Rhizobium, fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which is used by the plants as nutrient. Other bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen while free-living in the soil (eg. Azospirillum and Azotobacter), thus enriching the nitrogen content of the soil.

Fungi are also known to form symbiotic associations with plants (mycohiza). The fungi symbiont in these association absorbs phosphorus from soil and passes it to the plants. Plants having such associations show other benefits also, such as resistance to root-borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought and an overall increase in plant growth and development.

Cyano-bacteria are autotrophic microbes which can fix atmospheric nitrogen, eg. Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, etc. In paddy fields, Cyano-batetiar serve as an important bio-fertiliser. Blue green algae also add organic matter to the soil and increases its fertility. Currently, in our country, a number of fertilisers are available commercially in the market and farmers use these regularly in their fields to replenish soil nutrients and to reduce dependence on chemical fertilisers.

Question 20.
Show food-chain in a fresh water pond and illustrate it with the help of diagram.
Answer:

(saprophytic bacteria and fungi)

Question 21.
What do you understand by Mutation? What are their main types and mention its significance in brief.
Answer:
Mutation is defined as change in gene which is heritable.
The abrupt changes may take place in chromosomes, then it is called chromosomal mutation.

Types of Mutation:

1. Somatic mutation: It occurs in somatic cells and it is non-heritable.
2. Germinal mutation: It is found in reproductive cells and is heritable.
3. Spontaneous mutation: Mutation occuring in nature is called spontaneous mutation.
4. Induced mutation: When mutation is produced by mutagenic chemicals or radiations.

Significance:
Role of Mutation in Evolution: Evolution is a slow and continuous process for evolution. The basic necessity is variation. The variation among plants and animals are brought about by mutation.

Question 22.
What do you mean by Cry-protein? It is obtained from which organism? Describe its various uses.
Answer:
Cry proteins are crystalline toxins which are encoded by cry genes. It is obtained by Bacillus touring – genesis bacteria. The bacterium contains these proteins in their inactive form. When the inactive toxin protein is ingested by the insect it gets activated by the alkaline pH of the gut.

Uses of Cry-protein :

1. It protects cotton plants from ball-worms.
2. Many transgenic crops are produced.

Question 23.
What do you mean by Foetal Membrane? Mention its types and explain it in brief.
Answer:
The Foetal membranes are membranes associated with the developing Foetus. The two chorio-amniotic membranes are the amnion and the Chorion which make the amniotic sac surrounds and protects the foetus. The other foetal membranes are the allantois and the secondary umbilical vesicle.

Types of Foetal Membrane :

1. Amnion: The Amnion is a transparent greyish membrane which lines the chorian. It comes to the foetal surface of the placenta and the umbilical cord.
2. Chorion: The chorion is a double-layered membrane formed by the trophoblast and the extraembryonic mesoderm which eventually give rise to foetal part of the placenta.

Question 24.
Write short notes on any two of the following :
(a) Fisheries
(b) Ribosome
(c) Infertility
(d) Red data book.
Answer:
(a) Fisheries: Fisheries is a kind of industry which is associated with fish and other aquatic animals (crab, prawn), and for thier production, processing and marketing management. The revolution in the field of increased production of fishes is called “Blue Revolution.’

(b) Ribosome: Ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum or scattered in the cytoplasm. These vary from 150-200 A° and are made of nucleo-protein. These are found as free granules or in groups. When these are found in granules, they are called poly-ribosome.

(c) Infertility: Inability to conceive or produce children even after two years of unprotected sexual co-habitation is called infertility.

(d) Red-data book: Red-data book is a catalogue of taxa that are facing the risk of extinction. Its main aim is to give information about the urgency and scale of conservation problem to the public and policymakers.

Bihar Board 12th Business Studies Model Question Paper 4 in English Medium

Time : 3 Hour 15 Min
Full Marks : 100

Instructions

1. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
2. Figures in the right-hand margin indicate full marks.
3. 15 minutes of extra time has been allotted for the candidate to read the questions carefully.
4. This question paper has two sections : Section -A and Section-B.
5. In Section-A, there are 50 objective type questions which are compulsory, each carrying 1 mark. Darken the circle with black/blue ball pen against the correct option on OMR Sheet provided to you. Do not use Whitener/ Liquid/Blade/Nail on OMR Sheet, otherwise the result will be treated as invalid.
6. In Section-B, there are 25 Short answer type questions, out of which any 15 questions are to be answered. Each question carries 2 marks. Apart from this, there are 08 Long answer type questions, out-of which any 04 of them are to be answered. Each question carries 5 marks.
7. Use of any electronic device is prohibited.

Objective Type Questions

Question No. -1 to 50 have four options provided, out of which only one is correct. You have to mark, your selected option, on the OMR-Sheet. Each questiion carries 1 (one) mark. [50 x 1 = 50]

Question 1.
Primary element of success of management is _________
(a) Satisfied employee
(b) Large capital
(c) Big market
(d) Maximum production.
Answer:
(b) Large capital

Question 2.
The propounder of administrative management was _________
(a) Fayol
(b) Taylor
(c) Terry
(d) None of them.
Answer:
(a) Fayol

Question 3.
The father of scientific management was _________
(a) Gilbreth
(b) F.W. Taylor
(c) Robertson
(d) Charles Babbage.
Answer:
(b) F.W. Taylor

Question 4.
Main component (s) of New Economic Policy is/ are _________
(a) Liberalisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Privatisation
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 5.
Co-ordination is
(a) voluntary
(b) necessary
(c) unnecessary
(d) wastage of time.
Answer:
(b) necessary

Question 6.
“A plan is a trap to capture the future.” This statement is of _________
(a) Newman
(b) Hurley
(c) Allen
(d) Terry
Answer:
(c) Allen

Question 7.
A good plan is
(a) Rigid
(b) Expensive
(c) Flexible
(d) Time consuming
Answer:
(c) Flexible

Question 8.
Which of the following depends on the sweet will of employees ?
(a) Formal organisation
(b) Informal oganisation
(c) Functional organisation
(d) Divisional organisation
Answer:
(b) Informal oganisation

Question 9.
Authority cannot be delegated of _________
(a) Routine work
(b) Secret work
(c) Ordinary work
(d) Easy work
Answer:
(c) Ordinary work

Question 10.
Responsibility is of _________
(a) Subordinates
(b) Officer
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 11.
Money spent on staffing is _________
(a) necessary
(b) wastage
(c) investment
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) investment

Question 12.
The manager is _________
(a) Boss
(b) Owner
(c) Leader
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Leader

Question 13.
Controlling is the aspect of management.
(a) theoretical
(b) practical
(c) mental
(d) physical
Answer:
(b) practical

Question 14.
Control is the function of the management.
(a) first
(b) last
(c) third
(d) second
Answer:
(b) last

Question 15.
Fixed capital is needed for period.
(a) short
(b) long
(c) short & long both
(d) none
Answer:
(b) long

Question 16.
The future of Stock Exchange in India is
(a) bright
(b) in dark
(c) ordinary
(d) no future
Answer:
(a) bright

Question 17.
Money market deals in _________
(a) short-term funds
(b) medium-term funds
(c) long-term funds
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) short-term funds

Question 18.
For Stock Exchange services of SEBI are _________
(a) voluntary
(b) necessary
(c) unnecessary
(d) compulsory
Answer:
(d) compulsory

Question 19.
Which one is not the consumer product amongst the following ?
(a) Raw materials
(b) Refrigerator
(c) Old statues
(d) Shoes
Answer:
(c) Old statues

Question 20.
Costliest means of advertising is _________
(a) Advertising
(b) Personal selling
(c) Sales promotion
(d) Public relation
Answer:
(b) Personal selling

Question 21.
Consumer rights under Consumer Protection Act are _________
(a) 6
(b) 7
(c) 8
(d) 9
Answer:
(a) 6

Question 22.
When was SEBI established ?
(a) 1978
(b) 1988
(c) 1989
(d) 1998
Answer:
(b) 1988

Question 23.
The disputes that come under Consumer Protection Act are _________
(a) disputes as to sale of shares by a company
(b) disputes of penal nature
(c) disputes as to sale of defective goods by the seller
(d) service disputes
Answer:
(c) disputes as to sale of defective goods by the seller

Question 24.
Which of the following is not a vcharacteristic of entrepreneurship ?
(a) Risk
(b) Innovation
(c) Creative activity
(d) Managerial training
Answer:
(d) Managerial training

Question 25.
In any organisastion motivation is _________
(a) essential
(b) unnecessary
(c) burden
(d) wastage of time and money
Answer:
(a) essential

Question 26.
Source of trade credit is _________
(a) long-term finance
(b) medium-term finance
(c) sort-term finance
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) sort-term finance

Question 27.
Comprehensive plan for accomplishing an organisation’s objectives is known as _________
(a) Policy
(b) Programme
(c) Objective
(d) strategy
Answer:
(d) strategy

Question 28.
Barrier in effective communication is _________
(a) language
(b) distance
(c) individual differences
(d) all of these
Answer:
(a) language

Question 29.
Supervisor is the link between _________
(a) top & middle management
(b) workers & middle management
(c) workers & lower management
(d) workers & directors
Answer:
(c) workers & lower management

Question 30.
Main function of financial management is _________
(a) Procurement of funds
(b) Utilisation of funds
(c) Allocation of funds
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Procurement of funds

Question 31.
Liquidity is created by _________
(a) Organised market
(b) Unorganised market
(c) Primary market
(d) Secondary market
Answer:
(a) Organised market

Question 32.
Stock Exchange protects the interest of _________
(a) Investor
(b) Company
(c) Government
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Investor

Question 33.
The birth place of concept of marketing management is _________
(a) England
(b) America
(c) France
(d) Japan
Answer:
(b) America

Question 34.
National Commission can settle consumer disputes
(a) up to Rs. 5 lakh
(b) up to Rs. 10 lakh
(c) up to Rs. 20 lakh
(d) above Rs. 1 crore.
Answer:
(c) up to Rs. 20 lakh

Question 35.
Entrepreneurial development programme provides _________
(a) unemployment
(b) employment
(c) dishonesty
(d) corruption
Answer:
(c) dishonesty

Question 36.
Management is _________
(a) Art
(b) Science
(c) Both Art and Science
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) Both Art and Science

Question 37.
The maximum duration of commercial paper is _________
(a) 3 months
(b) 6 months
(c) 12 months
(d) 24 months
Answer:
(c) 12 months

Question 38.
Entrepreneurial Development Institute of India is situated in _________
(a) Ahmedabad
(b) Mumbai
(c) New Delhi
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(a) Ahmedabad

Question 39.
The essence of management is _________
(a) Co-ordination
(b) Organisation
(c) Staffing
(d) Control
Answer:
(a) Co-ordination

Question 40.
The organisation which spreads rumours is called _________
(a) formal
(b) informal
(c) centralised
(d) decentralised
Answer:
(b) informal

Question 41.
Commercial bill is written _________
(a) by purchaser
(b) by seller
(c) by bank
(d) by the government
Answer:
(c) by bank

Question 42.
Main elements of direction are _________
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 6
Answer:
(c) 4

Question 43.
Delegation of can be done.
(a) Authority
(b) Responsibility
(c) Accountability
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Authority

Question 44.
Which of the following statements is inconsistent ?
(a) Management is purposeful
(b) It is an instinct process
(c) Management is universal
(d) Management is not separate from ownership
Answer:
(c) Management is universal

Question 45.
Component (s) of new economic policy is /are _________
(a) Liberalisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Privatisation
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 46.
depends on the wall of the employees.
(a) Formal organisation
(b) Informal organisation
(c) Functional organisation
(d) Divisional organisation
Answer:
(d) Divisional organisation

Question 47.
Method(s) of training is /are _________
(a) Conference
(b) Lectures
(c) prenticeship
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) prenticeship

Question 48.
Motivational means should be determined on the basis of _________
(a) Group
(b) Individual
(c) Job
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 49.
In a business enterprise controlling is required _________
(a) at the time of setting up of business
(b) continuously
(c) at the time of operation of business
(d) at the end of the year
Answer:
(b) continuously

Question 50.
Main function(s) of financial management is/are _________
(a) Financial planning
(b) Procurement of funds
(c) Allocation of net profits
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Non-Objective Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Question no. 1 to 25 are Short answer type questions. Answer any 15 out of them. Each question carries 2 marks. (15 x 3 = 30)

Question 1.
Controlling is forward looking. Explain.
Answer:
Controlling is looking forward because of remedial action is the essence of controlling. This will also include action to modify and improve upon the existing plans to prevent reference of the deviation noticed by the manager. Controlling helps in adoption of new plans and revision of existing plans on the basis of actual performance against standards.

Question 2.
Give the meaning of the term ‘deviation’ as used in the control function of management.
Answer:
Planning is provasive planning is required all levels of management as well as departments of the organisaiton. It is not exclusive function of top management nor of any particular departments.

Question 3.
What do you mean by capital structure ?
Answer:
Capital structure refers to the composition or make up or long-term sources of funds as : equity shares preference shares, debentures, retained earnings and long-term loans. Basically, there are two types of long-term funds :

1. Owner’s capital and
2. Borrowed capital

All these types of finance have to be in the right proportion in order to ensure an optimum capital structure.

Question 4.
What is money market ?
Answer:
Money market is that makret where seller and purchaser or buyer of money are available. Money buyers are those who takes loans to produce goods or services and money sellers are those who gives loan to industries.

Question 5.
Write two elements of marketing.
Answer:
Two elements of marketing :

1. To distribution of goods and services
2. To creation of utilities.

Question 6.
What do you mean by pricing of a product ?
Answer:
It is an important work of marketing management to determining the price of marketable goods. A producer or manufacturer determines the price after comprehensive study.

Question 7.
Advertising confuses the buyers. How ?
Answer:
Some traders or businessmen advertises with misrepresentation false statement and fraudulent advertisement because of this buyer get confused and tence wrong decision about trading and got cheated. They confused to what is to buy or not.

Question 8.
What is entrepreneurship ?
Answer:
Enterpreneurship is combination of a skill view point, thinking. Technique and work method.

Question 9.
Explain the role of Henry Fayol in management.
Answer:
Fayol developed a functional approach’ to management. Realising the universal nature of management problems he developed general principles of management and administration this ideas are contained in his monograph” General and industrial administration.” This book throws light on the following points :

1. Classification of Industrial Activities
2. Management qualities and training
3. General Principles of Management
4. Elements of Management.

Question 10.
Write the limitations of planning ?
Answer:
Following are the limitation of planning :

1. Forecasting may go wrong : Financial plans are prepared by taking into account the expected situation in the future. Since the future is not predictable and thing may not happen as these are for casted the utility of planning is limited.
2. Regidity : Once a plan is prepared, it becomes difficult to change it. A change in the circumstances may demand change in the financial plan but managers may not like so.
3. Problem of Co-ordination : Finance functions is the most important of all the functions.

Question 11.
Can accountability be delegated ?
Answer:
According to principle of absolute responsibility authority can be delegated but responsibility can not be delegated by a manager. The manager remains responsible or accountable to his own superior for the tasks which he may assign to his subordinates. Every superior is responsible, for the acts of his sub-ordinates to whom he delegates authority for any work.

Question 12.
What do you mean by staffing ?
Answer:
Staffing may be defined as’the managerial function of hiring and developing the required personnel to fill in various position in the organisation. It is concerned with employing the right type of people and developing their skill through training. It focuses on maintaining and improving the competence and performance of the personnel in the organisation.

Question 13.
Mention any three elements of Directing.
Answer:
Following are the three elements of directing :

1. Supervision : It implies instructing, observing, monitoring and guiding the sub-ordinates at work place to ensure that plans and procedures are implemented as intended.
2. Leadership : It involves ability to use non- coersive influence on the activities, goals and motivation of others for achieving organisational objectives.
3. Motivation : Motivation is a mental state. It is a driving force that people to action and continues them in action. Motivation is the set of forces that causes people to behave in certain ways.

Question 14.
What is meant by ‘Profit sharing’ ?
Answer:
Profit sharing : When a firm earned profit. It divided the profit amongest their partners on the basis of equal ratio or on the ratio as determined in the deed. It is called profit sharing

Question 15.
What are the different traditional techniques of controlling ?
Answer:
Following are the technique of controlling :

1. Break-even point: Break even point is an important tool which is used by managerial control. That level of sales or production where there is no loss or no profit is creled break even point.
2. pecial report and analysis : Generally special report and analysis is used to control special types of problems.
3. Budgetary control : Budgetary control is a composition between Predicted data and actual data.

Question 16.
Explain the importance of Financial planning.
Answer:
Importance of Financial Planning :

1. Co-ordination : This is done by laying down financial objectives, plans and programmed which are coherent with each other. The plan is communicated to all managers in different departments and ensures that finds are alloted to each department according to their requirements. All these factors help in achieving co – ordinations.
2. Financial control : Financial planning is the basis of financial control. It sets standards against which performance of the financial plan can be compared. The resulting deviations can be corrected and also prevented.

Question 17.
State any three characteristics of fixed capital.
Answer:
Following are the three features of fixed capital :

1. It remains for long period in business.
2. Fixed capital is used to purchase of fixed assets examples, e.g. land, building, machines etc.
3. The quantity of fixed capital is depend on the nature of business.

Question 18.
Define and explain the term ‘stock exchange’.
Answer:
Definition of stock-exchange : “Stock exchange means any body of individuals, whether incorporated or not contributed for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying selling and dealing in securities.
“Stock-exchange are marketing places where securities that have been listed there on may be bought and sold for either investment or speculation.” – Pyle, Marketing Principles.

Question 19.
What is the concept of marketing mix ?
Answer:
Marketing mix refers to combination of four basic elements, viz., Product mix, Price, promotion and place known as four P’s marketing.

1. Product mix : Product mix refers to anything which is offered to the public for sales. It may be a physical object service or an idea.
2. Price mix : Goods are sold for a price consumer’s are very sensitive to price changes.
3. Promotion mix : Promotion includes all those activities which a business performs to persuade and motivate people to buy their product.
4. Place : Place mix refers to the activities that are involved in transferring ownership to customers and to make products available at the right time and please.

Question 20
What are the different types of labels ?
Answer:
The label is an information they wrapper or seal attached to a product or product’s package.
Types of label :

1. Brands label
2. Grade labels
3. Descriptive cu-informative labels.

Question 21.
What do you mean by controlling ?
Answer:
Controlling is the process through which managers assure that the actual activities conform to the planned activities.

Question 22.
Write any two advantages of budgetary control.
Answer:
Two advantages of Budgetary Control :

1. Budgets serve as a target.
2. Budgeting helps to express diverse action.

Question 23.
What is the concept of gross working capital ?
Answer:
Gross working capital means the investment in all current assets namely; cash, inventories, receivables and prepaid expenses taken together.

Question 24.
What are the two segments of capital market ?
Answer:
The two segment of capital market :

1. Organised Capital Market
2. Unorganised Capital Market

Question 25.
Name any three Non-Governmnet Organisations (NGO’s).
Answer:
Name of three Non-government Organisation :

1. Consumer Association, Kolkata
2. Karnataka Consumer Service Society, Bangluru.
3. VOICE, New Delhi.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question no. 26 to 33 are Long answer type questions. Answer any 4 of them. Each question carries 5 marks. (4×5 = 20)

Question 26.
Define the concept of management. Discuss its importance.
Answer:
The term ‘management’ has been used in different sense. Sometimes it is used in the sense of managing the ‘Group of management personnel’ in an organisaiton. At other times, management refers to the process of planning organisation, staffing, directing co-ordinating and controlling.

1. Definition of management : “To manage is to forcast and to plan to organise to command to co-ordinate and controll” – Henry Feyol.
2. “Management means the decision making.” – Rose Moore

Importance of management :

1. Maximum results with maximum resources : Management tries to secure the maximum results through the use of maximum efforts and resources.
2. Realisation of personel objectives : Some industrial concern are downed on account of skirikes and lockout. Such situation mainly arise when there is mismanagement on the part of managers.
3. Economic growth : Management is a vital force for boosting the economic growth of a country.
4. Protection of investors interests : Most of the organisaiton are run by employees-managers. They look after the interests of investors, shareholders, debenture holders etc.

Question 27.
Discuss the nature and purpose of organisation.
Answer:
Organisation is structural relationship by which an enterprise is bound together and the frame work in which individual effort is controlled.
Name of Organisaiton :

1. Formal relationship : Different type of relationship exists in formal organisation. These are senior subordinate, lateral and employee relationships.
2. Establishing co-ordination : Formal organisation structure establishes co-ordination among vairous departments and smothers the work of the entire organisation.
3. Delibrately designed structure : Formal organisation is delibrately designed by the top management. Therefore, everything done in it is official.
4. Focus on work : It lays emphasis on the accomplishment of work rather than on social relationship.

Purpose of Organisation :

1. Identification of activities and their division
2. Grouping the activities into departments.
3. Assigning duties
4. Establishing work-relationship.

Question 28.
What do you mean by recruitment ? Explain the external sources of recruitment.
Answer:
Meaning and definition of recruitment : Recruitment function is concerned with discovering the sources of. manpower required and tapping these sources.

1. “Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them- to apply for jobs in the organisation.” – Flippo.
2. “It is the process of attracting poential employees to the company.”

External sources of recruitment:

1. Factory gate : For recruitment of semi-skilled and unskilled employee a notice is put at the factory gate specifying the requirements of various types of workers.
2. Waiting list : Very often organisations prepare and maintain a waiting list of employees from the application of those condidates who had applied but could not be selected.
3. Employees recommendation : A large number of organisation asks their present employees to recommend the name of suitable candidates as anol when a vacancy arises.
4. Private placement agencies : These are of recent origin. Now-a-days reputed private placement agencies such as Tata Consultancy Service are doing commendable job in this field.
5. Employment exchange : Employment exchanges have been set up by government in metropolitan and other big cities.
6. Media advertisement : By far advertisement in leading newspaper, magazines of external recruitment for skilled and specialised jobs.

Question 29.
What is the meant by the term ‘supervision’ in management ? Explain briefly the role of a supervisor.
Answer:
Supervision means overseeing the work of the subordinates. Every managers has to guide and control his sub-ordinates while they are performing the task assigned to them. We can therefore say that supervision refers to the direct and immediate guidance and control of sub-ordinates in the performance of their tasks. Terry and Franklin define supervision as, guiding and sources to accomplish stated work outputs.”

Role of Supervisor in brief :

1. Face-to-face contact
2. An important link
3. Creating congenial atmosphere
4. Giving guidance
5. Ensures quality,
6. Giving feedback
7. Keeping up the organisational commitments
8. Suggesting Taining Programmes.

Question 30.
What do you mean by Financial Planning? Discuss the importance of Financial Planning in financial management.
Answer:
Financial Planning : Financial Planning means deciding in advance how much to spend on what to spend, according to the finds at four disposal. According to Worker and Baughan, “Financial planning pertains only to the functions of finance and includes the determination of the firms financial objectives, formulating and promulagating financial policies and developing financial procedures.”

Element determining the financial planning or Important of Financial Planning :

1. Nature of Industry : The nature of industry of business plays decisive role in drafting of financial plan. A capital intensive industry like cement, paper or fertilizer requires more capital while a labor intensive enterprise requires less amount of capital.
2. Status of unit: This step includes the evolution of increment characteristics of the wait like age size, market area, scope and nature of the field then reputation of management etc.
3. Flexibility : Flexibility and not the rigidity should be the main principal to be followed in the financial planning.
4. Plans for the future growth : Firms expect to grow larger in size as they grow old. So while undertaking current financing decisions the factors of future growth should be suitable weighted.
5. Capital structure : The capital structure of the company must be of high grade securities. It should be diversified but balanced.

Question 31.
Explain briefly any five factors to be considered in determining working capital requirements of an enterprise.
Answer:
Following are the factors which are determining working capital :

1. Size of business : Larger size of the business enterprise greater would be the need for working capital. The size of a business may be measured in terms of scale of its business organisation.
2. Production cycle : Production cycles means the time span between the purchase of raw material and its conversion into finished goods. If the production cycle is small the need for working capital will also be small.
3. Production policy : The need for working capital is also determined by production policy. The demand for certain products is seasonal. Two types of production policies may be adopted for such products. Firstly, the goods may be produced in the months of demand and Secondly, the goods may be produced through the year.
4. Availability of credit from banks : If a firm can get easy bank credit facility in case of need, it will operate with less working capital.
5. Efficiency of management : Efficiency of management is also a significance factor to determine the level of working capital. Management can reduce the need for working capital by the efficient utilization of resources. If an accelerate tea pace of cash cycle and there by use the same amount working capital again very quickly.

Question 32.
Explain briefly the benefits of advertising to manufacturers and society.
Answer:
(a) Advantages to manufacturer :

1. Advertising creates demand for the producers of a company
2. It helps salesman to secure orders easily,
3. A good image of the firm is created
4. New products can be introduced easily through advertising.

(b) Advantages to society :

1. It provided direct employment to a large number of people engaged in designing, writing and insuring advertisement
2. It is an important source of income for newspapers, magazine, radio and television. It helps the press in reducing the cost of publications.

Question 49.
Explain any six rights of consumers.
Answer:
Following are the six rights of consumers.

1. Right to safety : Consumers have the right to protected against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property.
2. Right to information : The consumer protection act lays down that every consumer has the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity and standard of goods and services.
3. Right to choose : Every consumer has the right to choose the goods of his/her liking. Consumers have right to be assured, wherever possible access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices.
4. Right to heard : In case a consumer has been exploited, he/she has the right to be heard and be assured that he/she interests would receive due consideration at appropriate forums.
5. Right to seek redressal : The consumers have the right to seek redress against unfair trade practices or unsecruplous exploitation.
6. Right to consumer education : Consumer can seek information about the existing acts and agencies set up for their protection.

Question 33.
What are the main functions of an entrepreneur ?
Answer:
Following are the function of entrepreneur :

1. Take risk
2. Power to devisionl,
3. Managerial ability
4. Function of renovation
5. Creation of capital
6. Per capital income
7. To increase the opportunities of employment
8. Development of area.

Bihar Board 12th Business Studies Model Question Paper 2 in English Medium

Time : 3 Hour 15 Min
Full Marks : 100

Instructions

1. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
2. Figures in the right hand margin indicate full marks.
3. 15 minutes of extra time has been allotted for the candidate to read the questions carefull.
4. This question paper has two sections : Section -A and Section-B.
5. In Section-A, there are 50 objective type questions which are compulsory, each carrying 1 mark. Darken the circle with black/blue ball pen against the correct option on OMR Sheet provided to you. Do not use Whitener/ Liquid/Blade/Nail on OMR Sheet, otherwise the result will be treated as invalid.
6. In Section-B, there are 25 Short answer type questions, out of which any 15 questions are to be answered. Each question carries 2 marks. Apart from this, there are 08 Long answer type questions, out-of which any 04 of them are to be answered. Each question carries 5 marks.
7. Use of any electronic device is prohibited.

Objective Type Questions

Question No. -1 to 50 have four options provided, out of which only one is correct. You have to mark, your selected option, on the OMR-Sheet. Each questiion carries 1 (one) mark. [50 x 1 = 50]

Question 1.
Henri Fayol was a ___________
(a) Scientist
(b) Mining engineer
(c) Accountant
(d) Production engineer
Answer:
(b) Mining engineer

Question 2.
Of all managerial activities planning is the :
(a) Beginnings
(b) End
(c) Beginning & end both
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Beginning & end both

Question 3.
Staffing is:
(a) part of organisation
(b) function of Management
(c) part of personnel Management
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(d) all of the above

Question 4.
How are the principles of Management formed ?
(a) In a laboratory
(b) By experiences of managers
(c) By experiences of customers
(d) By propagation of social scientists
Answer:
(b) By experiences of managers

Question 5.
The following is not an objective of
Management: .
(a) earning profits
(b) growth of the organisation
(c) providing employment
(d) policy making
Answer:
(c) providing employment

Question 6.
Controlling is the aspect of Management:
(a) theoretical
(b) practical
(c) mental
(d) physical
Answer:
(b) practical

Question 7.
Commercial bill is written :
(a) by purchaser
(b) by seller
(c) by bank
(d) by the government
Answer:
(c) by bank

Question 8.
Marketing concept is :
(a) Production-oriented
(b) Sales-oriented
(c) Customer-oriented
(d) All the three
Answer:
(b) Sales-oriented

Question 9.
Which of the following statements best describes the principle of ‘Division of Work’
(a) Work should be divided into small tasks.
(b) Labour should be divided
(c) Resources should be divided among jobs
(d) It leads to specialisation
Answer:
(a) Work should be divided into small tasks.

Question 10.
Management control is done :
(a) by lower level managers
(b) by middle level managers
(c) by top level managers
(d) by all level managers
Answer:
(d) by all level managers

Question 11.
Money market deals in :
(a) Short term funds
(b) Medium term funds
(c) Long term funds
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Short term funds

Question 12.
Treasury Bills are basically :
(a) An instrument to borrow short term funds
(b) An instrument to borrow long-term funds
(c) An instrument of capital market
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) An instrument to borrow short term funds

Question 13.
Policy formulation is the function of:
(a) top level managers
(b) middle level managers
(c) operational Management
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(a) top level managers

Question 14.
Consumer dispute settlement agencies are :
(a) District Forum
(b) State commission
(c) National commission
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 15.
There is no discipline in ___________ Organisation :
(a) formal
(b) divisional
(c) functional
(d) informal
Answer:
(d) informal

Question 16.
Goods may be purchased on the basis of:
(a) inspection
(b) pattern and sample
(c) description & brand
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(d) all of the above

Question 17.
The cheapest source of Finance is:
(a) debenture share
(b) equity share capital
(c) preference share
(d) retained earning
Answer:
(b) equity share capital

Question 18.
Supervisor is ___________ of the workers.
(a) friend
(b) guide
(c) philosopher
(d) all of these
Answer:
(b) guide

Question 19.
Budget refers to :
(a) Planned target of performance
(b) Use of handling future activities
(c) Systematic action and allocation of resources
(d) Statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms
Answer:
(d) Statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms

Question 20.
In which form of Management science is :
(a) Pure Science
(b) Soft Science
(c) Semi Science
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Soft Science

Question 21.
Recruitment in the life of Organisation is done :
(a) Once
(b) Twice
(c) Occasionally
(d) Continuosly
Answer:
(d) Continuosly

Question 22.
Marketing means:
(a) Transfer of ownership
(b) Formation of marketing policies
(c) Salesmanship and sales promotion
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(b) Formation of marketing policies

Question 23.
Which of the following is not a principle of Management given by Taylor ?
(a) Science, not rule of thumb
(b) Functional foremanship
(c) Co-operation, not individualism
(d) Harmony, not discord
Answer:
(b) Functional foremanship

Question 24.
Which of the following is not a controlling technique ?
(a) Break-even anaysis
(b) Cash flow statement
(c) Budget
(d) Managerial Audit
Answer:
(b) Cash flow statement

Question 25.
In India Entrepreneurial development programme is:
(a) Necessary
(b) Unnecessary
(c) Wastage of time
(d) wastage of money
Answer:
(a) Necessary

Question 26.
The disputes coming under Consumer Protection Act are:
(a) Dispute as to shares of company
(b) Dispute as to service
(c) Dispute as to sale of defective goods by the seller
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Dispute as to sale of defective goods by the seller

Question 27.
Stock exchange protects the interest of:
(a) Investors
(b) Company
(c) Government
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Investors

Question 28.
Which of the following is not an element of promotion mix ?
(a) Advertisement
(b) Personal selling
(c) Sales Promotion
(d) Product Development
Answer:
(d) Product Development

Question 29.
Co-ordination is:
(a) Voluntary
(b) Necessary
(c) Unnecessary
(d) Wastage of time
Answer:
(b) Necessary

Question 30.
Principle of Management are :
(a) dynamic
(b) flexible .
(c) Universal
(d) all of above
Answer:
(d) all of above

Question 31.
___________ refers to those general statement which are decided for the guidance of the employees while taking decision.
(a) objectives
(b) strategy
(c) policies
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(b) strategy

Question 32.
In the process of delegation, accountability cannot be:
(a) shared
(b) delegated
(c) neither (a) & nor
(b) (d) both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(b) (d) both (a) and (b)

Question 33.
Management itself expands :
(a) Through delegation
(b) Through centralisation
(c) Through decentralisation
(d) Through all
Answer:
(a) Through delegation

Question 34.
Control is the ___________ function of the Management:
(a) first
(b) last
(c) third
(d) second
Answer:
(b) last

Question 35.
The leader takes work from his subordinates :
(a) by tact
(b) by rod
(c) by threatening
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) by tact

Question 36.
The foremost need of development in a country is of:
(a) Physical Resources
(b) Economic Resources
(c) Human Resources
(d) Efficient Management
Answer:
(b) Economic Resources

Question 37.
A good plan is :
(a) Rigid
(b) Expensive
(c) flexible
(d) Time consuming
Answer:
(b) Expensive

Question 38.
Which of the following is not a staffing function :
(a) Planning
(b) recruitment
(c) selection
(d) training
Answer:
(a) Planning

Question 39.
Effective controlling is :
(a) static
(b) determined
(c) dynamic
(d) all the above
Answer:
(c) dynamic

Question 40.
Liquidity is created by :
(a) Organised market
(b) Unorganised market
(c) Primary Market
(d) Secondary Market
Answer:
(d) Secondary Market

Question 41.
Which of the following is not the tool of sales promotion ?
(a) Samples
(b) Prize in packet
(c) Coupons
(d) Publicity
Answer:
(c) Coupons

Question 42.
Modern approach of financial Management is :
(a) procurement of funds
(b) utilisation of funds
(c) (a) and (b) both
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) (a) and (b) both

Question 43.
The functions of Entreprener are :
(a) To imagine business idea
(b) To study project feasibility
(c) To set up enterprise
(d) All of above
Answer:
(c) To set up enterprise

Question 44.
Which of the following is function of packaging ?
(a) Protection
(b) convenience
(c) Identification
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 45.
Planning is not the remedy of all business evils, because:
(a) planning is generally biased & time consuming
(b) planning is goal oriented
(c) planning enables us to face future uncertainties
(d) planning improves competitive strength
Answer:
(c) planning enables us to face future uncertainties

Question 46.
Which of the following is a determinant of Capital structure ?
(a) Cash Flow Statement
(b) Interest Coverage Ratio
(c) Debt Service Coverage Ratio
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(b) Interest Coverage Ratio

Question 47.
Which of the followiwng is not a characteristic of Entrepreneurship ?
(a) Risk taking
(b) Innovation
(c) Creative activity
(d) Managerial training
Answer:
(d) Managerial training

Question 48.
Grapevine Communication is :
(a) informal
(b) formal
(c) written
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) informal

Question 49.
The foremost stock exchange in the world was established in:
(a) Delhi.
(b) London
(c) America
(d) Japan
Answer:
(b) London

Question 50.
State Commission can settle consumer disputes :
(a) up to 5 lakh Rs.
(b) up to 10 lakh Rs.
(c) up to 20 lakh Rs.
(d) Above 20 lakh Rs.
Answer:
(d) Above 20 lakh Rs.

Non-Objective Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Question no. 1 to 25 are Short answer type questions. Answer any 15 out of them. Each question carries 2 marks. (15 x 3 = 30)

Question 1.
Does mere planning ensure success ?
Answer:
Does mere planning ensure success ? yes planning ensure success merely if following features are consiist in planning.

1. Planning must be simple and understandable.
2. planning must be according to the employee.
3. Planning must be felxible
4. Planning must be consist element of selection.
5. Draft separate planning for excution of planning.

Question 2.
What is meant by lay-off ?
Answer:
A lay off is the temporary suspension of employment of an employee or more commonly, a group of employees for business reasons. Such as personnel management or down sizing an organisation.

Question 3.
What is meant by investment decision ?
Answer:
A determination made by direction and management as to how, when, where and how much capital will be spent on investment opportunities, is called investment decesion.

Question 4.
Why NSEI is known as Model Exchange ?
Answer:
National stock exchange is the first stock exchange in India. The security transaction in stock exchange of India is very transmitted and simple so it is called model exchange.

Question 5.
The word communication has been derived from Latin word ‘Communist.’ What does it mean ?
Answer:
The word communication is derived from the latin word communist meaning “common”.

Question 6.
“Management is a soft science.” How ?
Answer:
Management is a soft science because management have principles like science as they can applied anytime, any where but it is not exact science because principle are applied according to situations.

Question 7.
What is meant by Authority ?
Answer:
Authority is refers to the power to take decisions.

Question 8.
Why is it said that ‘Controlling is blind without planning ?
Answer:
Under the system of controlling actual work performance is compared with the standards. Hence, if the standards are not determined there is no justification left for control, and the standards are determined under planning. It is therefore, said that control is blind without planning or it is with out any base.

Question 9.
What is meant by Channels of Distribution ?
Answer:
A distribution channel refers to the path or route through which goods and services traval to get from the place of production or manufacture to the final users. It has at its center transportation and logistical considerations.

Question 10.
Why it is said that principles of Management are universal ?
Answer:
Management is an universal phenomenon in the same that it is common and essential element in all enterprises. Every group effort requires setting objectives, making plans, handling people, co – ordinating and controlling activities achieving goass and, evaluating performance directed towards organisational goals.

Question 11.
What is meant by the ‘Right to Choose’ to a consumer ?
Answer:
Following are the six rights of consumers.

1. Right to safety : Consumers have the right to protected against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property.
2. Right to information : The consumer protection act lays down that every consumer has the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity and standard of goods and services. ,
3. Right to choose : Every consumer has the right to choose the goods of his/her liking. Consumers have right to be assured, wherever possible access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices.
4. Right to heared : In case a consumer has been exploited, he/she has the right to be heared and be assured that he/she interests would receive due consideration at appropriate forums.
5. Right to seek redressal : The consumers have the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or unsecruplous exploitation.
6. Right to consumer education : Consumer can seek information about the existing acts and agencies set up for their protection.

Question 12.
What is meant by ‘Leadership’ ?
Answer:
Leadership may be defined as the ability to exert interpersonal influence by means of communication towards the achievement of a goal.

Question 13.
State any two difference between Advertising and Personal Selling.
Answer:
Advertising :

1. one-way communication.
2. Pull strategy.
3. Mass Media.

Personal Selling :

1. Two-way communication.
2. Push-strategy
3. Sales personnel.

Question 14.
What is meant by-On-the job training ?
Answer:
On the job training : The training of operations is largely undertaken through on the job methods on the other hand managers are trained by taking new courses under both on the job and off the job method.

Question 15.
State two points of importance of Supervision.
Answer:
Following are the two importance of supervision.

1. Optimum utilization of Resoures : Supervision develops work skills which help in optimum utilization of resources.
2. Controlling performance : Supervision insures performance of work as per the targets. Supervisor assumes responsibility for the accomplish ment of task. Undertaken and motivates his fellow workers.

Question 16.
What are the two components of Capital market ?
Answer:
Following are the two componants of capital market.

1. Organised capital market.
2. Unorganised capital market

Question 17.
What is Budgetary control ?
Answer:
Budgetary control refers to how well managers utilize budgets to monitor and control costs and operations in given accounting period. In other words, budgetary control is a process for managers to set financial and performance goals with budgets, compare the actual results, and adjust performance, as it is needed.

Question 18.
State any two features of Scientific Management.
Answer:
Following are the two features of scientific management.

1. Systematic Approach.
2. Brings complete mental change.

Question 19.
What do you mean by Entrepreneurship ?
Answer:
Enterpreneurship is an innovative function. It is a leadership rather than an ownership.

Question 20.
How “scale of operations” affect the requirement of fixed Capital ?
Answer:
The companies which are operating at large scale require mare fixed capital as they need more machineries and other assets where as small scale enterprise need less amount of fixed capital.

Question 21.
“Sales promotion makes advertising effective.” How ?
Answer:
Once the samples of a particular product reach to the consumers through sales promotion the advertisement of the same product gets more effective.

Question 22.
Give two advantages of functional Organisation.
Answer:
Following are the advantages of functional organisation.

1. Benefits of specification.
2. Co-ordination is established.

Question 23.
Give a definition of management.
Answer:
According to George R. Terry and Stephen G. Franklin, “Management is a distinct process, consisting of activities of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives with the use of human beings and other resources.”

Question 24.
Differentiate between time study and motion study.
Answer:
The main points of differences between Time study and Motion study are as follow-

1. Motion study involves the study of motions on operation while the time study notes the time involved in carrying out of each element of operations
2. The main aim of motion study is to reduce wastage of time and material scraping the unnecessary movements whereas the time study aims at fixing the standard time of carrying out a job/work
3. Time study is not suitable for workers where quality is prime consideration. Motion study is suitable for all types of jobs/work.

Question 25.
What is functional organisation ? What are its characteristics ?
Answer:
Functional organisation is developed on the basis of important of functions of the organisation.
Following are the features/Advantages of functional organisations :

1. System in place of haphazardness
2. Effective and easy supervision
3. Better cordination
4. Economical
5. Human development

Long Answer Type Questions

Question no. 26 to 33 are Long answer type questions. Answer any 4 of them. Each question carries 5 marks. (4×5 = 20)

Question 26.
“Training is beneficial both for the Organisation as well as for the employees”. Explain any two benefits of training towards the Organisation and any two towards the employees.
Answer:
Benefits of training : Training is necessary activity all organisation. It plays a large part in determining the efficiency of the organisation. Some of the major benefits of training and development are enumerated below :
(a) Benefits to the organisation :

1. Increases productivity : It helps to improve employee’s knowledge and skills, which in turn increases the quality and quantity of production. Higher productivity means higher profitability for the organisation.
2. Reduced supervision : Training gives employees greater confidence. Trained employees need less supervision. They require freedom to handle their jobs without close supervsion. With reduced supervision, a manager can widen his span of control and spend greater time on more non-routine issues of the department. Properly trained employees are more self- reliant because they are more confident about what do and how to do it. The employees need not learn by trial and error method.

(b) Benefits to the Employees :

1. Acqueisition of new skills : A trained employees acquires new attitude and skills, which enhance his market value. The acquisition of new knowledge increase his prospects within and outside the organisation for higher jobs.
2. Higher Earnings: Trained employees can perform better and thereby earn more.
3. Safety: Trained employees are less prove to accidents as they handle the machines carefully.
4. Self-confidence : Training enables the employee to approach and performs his job with enthusiasm.
5. Promotion : Through training, employees can develop himself and earn quick promotion.
6. Adoptability : Trained employees adopt to changes in work procedures and methods easily.

Question 27.
Every manager has to take three major decisions while performing the final function. Explain.
Answer:
The three main financial decisions which are generally taken by a finance manager are as under:

1. Investment Decision : It refers to the selection of assets in which funds will be invested by the business. Assets which are obtained by the business are of two types, i.e. Long term assets and short-term assets. On this basis, investment decision is also divided into two parts :
   • Long-term Investment decision
   • Short-term Investment decision.
2. Financial Decision: It refers to the determination as to how the total funds required by the sources. Long-term financial sources chiefly include equity share capital, preference share capital, retained earnings, debentures Long-term Loan etc. For taking financial decision, an analysis of the cost and benefits of all the sources is made.
3. Dividend Decision : It refers to the determination of how much part of the earning should be distributed among shareholders by the way of dividend and how much should be retained for meeting future needs as retained earnings.

Question 28.
Explain briefly the factors determining the amount of fixed Capital.
Answer:
Factors affecting the requirement/need of fixed capital:-

1. Nature of Business It has been observed that trading concerns require less fixed capital in comparison to manufacturing enterprises. The reason is that manufacturing enterprises require more machines and tools , where as these may not be required by trading concerns.
2. Size of Business Size of business also determines the amount of fixed capital larger the size of the business, the heavier would be the requirement for fixed capital.
3. System of production Production can take place manually or mechanically. Mechanization requires more amount of fixed capital as compared to manual processes.
4. Owner ship of fixed capital If an enterprises wishes to have its own fixed assets, it will have to arrange a lot of money to buy them, on the other hand, if an enterprises, decline to have the fixed assets on hire, will not be required to arrange for heavy amount of fixed capital.
5. System of marketing An enterprises, doing direct marketing with out the intervention of whole sealers and retailers has to invest heavily on own retail outlets and on suitable supply of vehicles. Therefore, its need will be much more than those that depend on intermediaries for marketing purposes.
6. Range of production An enterprises producing all the parts of a product requires more amount of fixed capital than the one which produces vital parts and gets other parts produced from outside.

Question 29.
How functional structure differs from a divisional structure ?
Answer:
Function Structure :

1. Formation is based on functions.
2. Functional specialization.
3. Difficult to fix on a department
4. Difficult, as each functional manager has to report to the top management.
5. Functions are not duplicated hence economical.
6. Difficult for a multiproduct company.

Divisional structure :

1. Formation is based on product lines and is supported by functions.
2. Product specialization.
3. Easy to fix responsibility for performance.
4. Easier, autonomy as well as the change to perform multiple functions help in managerial development.
5. Duplication of resources in various departments hence costly.
6. Easy, because all functions related to a particular product are integrated in on department.

Question 30.
State the factors affecting the requirements of fixed capital.
Answer:
The factors affecting the requirements of fixed capital are as follows :

1. Nature of business : Some types of business need more capital and some less.Manufacturing industries need more fixed capital than trading concerns.
2. Size of business unit : Fixed capital or requirements depend on the size of business.If the size is big.it will need more fixed capital.For smaller organisation the need will be less.
3. Nature of goods manufactured : The amount of fixed capital also depends on articles to be manufactured. For manufacturing industrial goods or machines the need for capital will be more than the industries engaged in manufacture of consumer goods.
4. Amount of preliminary expenses : If the promoters have to spend more on preliminary expenses like commission on sale of shares or debentures or as underwriting commission etc.there will be more need of fixed capital.
5. Method of production and technology used : If the enterprise uses modern technology like fully automatic plant for production or uses imported , machinery ,the fixed capital needs will be high.
6. Mode of purchase of fixed assets : Fixed capital requirements will be more if fixed assets are purchased in cash and less if purchased on credit or on hire purchase or on installment payment system.

Question 31.
What is meant by ‘Monetary Incentives’ ? State any three types of monetary incentives which contribute to the performance of employees.
Answer:
Financial Motivation : Financial motivation are those which are accociated with money. They include wages and salaries, fringes benefits, bonus, retirement benefits, etc. However, such incentives may not always prove to be motivating. In many cases, management may have to increase the financial incentives to keep the workers with the organisation. This can be appreciated from the practice of making wages and salaires competitive between various enterprises so as to attract and maintain good work force.

Money is a real motivating factor when the physiological and security needs of the workers have not been fully satisfied. Money plays a significant role in satisfying these needs. Therefore, management can use financial incentives for motivation. Money also helps in satisfying the social needs of employees to some extent because money is often recognised as a symbol of status, respect and power.

Besides money is an important means of achieving a ‘minimum standard of living althought this ‘minimum’ has the tendency to go up as people become more affluent. But this should not lead one to conclude that money will always be a motivating factor to all people. To some people, importance of money may be reduced after a certain stage and non-financial rewards may become more important. They are motivated by money only up to the stage they are struggling for satisfying their physiological and security needs.

Money provides for the satisfaction of physiological and safety needs only, which have been called hygienic factors by Herzberg. Hygienic include wages and salaries and other fringe benefits. The presence of these factors at a satisfactory level prevents job dissatisfaction. They do not provide ‘on-the-job satisfaction’ to the employees and therefore, can not be considered as motivational factors. According to Herzberg, in order to motivate the employees, it is necessary to provide for the satisfaction of their ego, social and self-actualisation needs.

But these needs are present, generally, in employees in the higher positions, who get higher monetary rewards and are not motivated by increased monetary benefits. In case of employees at the operative levels, money certainly plays a significant role in motivating them because their survival and safety depends on it.

Following are included in financial incentives :

1. Salaries and wages
2. Bonus (out of firm’s Profit)
3. Premium (share in economics due to increase in production).

Question 32.
Which qualities of a good leader will you like to have as a Manager ?
Answer:
The qualities of good leader are as follows :

1. Physical features : Physical features like height, weight health, appearance determine the physical personality of an individual health and endurance help a leader to work hard which inspires others to work with same tempo.
2. Knowledge : A good leader should have required knowledge and competence. Only such person can instruct subordinates correctly and influence them.
3. Integrity : A leader should posses high level of integrity and honesty. He should be a role model to others regarding the ethics and values.
4. Initiative : A leader should have courage and initiative. He should not wait, for opportunities come to his way, rather he should grab the opportunity and use it to the advantage of organisation.
5. Communication skills : A leader should be a good communicator. He should have the capacity to clearly explain his ideas and make the people to understand his ideas.
6. Motivation skills : A leader should be an effective motivator. He should understand the needs of people and motivate them through satisfying their needs.
7. Self confidence : A leader should have high level of self confidence. He should not loose his confidence even in most difficult times.
8. Decisiveness : Leader should be decisive in managing the work. Once he is convinced about a fact, he should be firm and should not change opinions frequently.
9. Social skills : A leader should be sociable and friendly with his colleagues and followers. He should understand people and maintain good human relations with them.

Question 33.
What is planning ? Which steps are taken by management in the process of planning ?
Answer:
Meaning of Planning – Planning is the selection of the best course of action out of the available alternatives and deciding to achieve the objective through the best course so chosen.

Definition – According to Alfred and Beatty, “Planning is the thinking process, the organised foresight, the vision based on facts and experience that is required for intelligence action.”

Following steps are taken by management in planning :

1. Setting objectives – The first step in planning exercises is setting the objectives, providing the rationale for undertaking various activities as well as indicating the direction of efforts. Moreover, objectives point to the end-result of planning activity. The objectives provide guidelines for many vital decisions relating to resources allocation, schedule of work, nature of actions, etc.

2. Establishing the planning premises – Once goals have been set, the second step involves establishing the planning premises or assumptions. It consists of forecasting future conditions and events which are likely to have bearing on the pursuit of goals like market demand for goods, cost of raw materials, state of technology, intensity of competition, government policies,interest rates, tax rates, etc.

3. Identifying alternative courses of action – When the forecasts are available and premises are established, a number of alternative courses of action have to be considered.

4. Evaluating alternative course – Planning requires that each alternative should be evaluated taking into account the relevant facts and the pros and cons of each alternative. The merits and demerits as well as consequences of each alternative course of action must be examined before a choice is made.

5. Selecting an alternative – After evaluation of various available alternative courses, the time comes for selecting the best plan and to implement it practically. The plan will be justified best in terms of feasibility, profitability and with least adverse outcomes. Sometimes a firm may also go for combination of plans instead of selecting one best course.

6. Formulation of derivative plans – Having decided upon the course of action, it is necessary that detailed plans and programmers should be drawn up including specific plans for different type of activities.These are known as derivative plans.

7. Implement of plan/Securing co-operation – Planning is essentially goal-oriented. Hence,the plans formulated must be implemented effectively. For this purpose, co-operation of all the members of the organisation is required. Accordingly, plans must be of what is proposed to be done and why. Many a time useful suggestions and ideas are received when plans are communicated to the concerned workers. Employees are motivated to execute the plan to the best of their ability.

8. Follow up – As planning is a continuous process, existing plans are received at intervals to ensure their relevance and effectiveness. As the plans are implemented, certain facts often come to light which were not even thought of earlier.

Bihar Board 12th Business Studies Model Question Paper 1 in English Medium

Time : 3 Hour 15 Min
Full Marks : 100

Instructions

1. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
2. Figures in the right hand margin indicate full marks.
3. 15 minutes of extra time has been allotted for the candidate to read the questions carefull.
4. This question paper has two sections : Section -A and Section-B.
5. In Section-A, there are 50 objective type questions which are compulsory, each carrying 1 mark. Darken the circle with black/blue ball pen against the correct option on OMR Sheet provided to you. Do not use Whitener/ Liquid/Blade/Nail on OMR Sheet, otherwise the result will be treated as invalid.
6. In Section-B, there are 25 Short answer type questions, out of which any 15 questions are to be answered. Each question carries 2 marks. Apart from this, there are 08 Long answer type questions, out-of which any 04 of them are to be answered. Each question carries 5 marks.
7. Use of any electronic device is prohibited.

Objective Type Questions

Question No. 1 to 50 have four options provided, out of which only one is correct. You have to mark, your selected option, on the OMR-Sheet. Each question carries 1 (one) mark. [50 x 1 = 50]

Question 1.
The essence of management is :-
(a) Co-ordination
(b) Organisation
(c) Staffing
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Co-ordination

Question 2.
New Economic Ploicy is :-
(a) Liberalisation
(b) Privatisation
(c) Globalisation
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 3.
The organization steps are :-
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8
Answer:
(b) 4

Question 4.
Training is a process
(a) Current
(b) Regular
(c) Continuous
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
Controlling is necessary in :-
(a) Small enterprise
(b) Medium Enterprise
(c) Large Enterprise
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 6.
Characteristics of a sound financial planning are: –
(a) Simplicity
(b) Liquidity
(c) Economy
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 7.
First Function of financial management is :-
(a) Procurement of fund
(b) Financial forecasting
(c) Financial Control
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Procurement of fund

Question 8.
Co-ordination is :-
(a) Voluntary
(b) Necessary
(c) Unecessary
(d) Wastage of time
Answer:
(b) Necessary

Question 9.
By Scientific Management profits are :-
(a) Increased
(b) Decreased
(c) Not affected
(d) Revival
Answer:
(a) Increased

Question 10.
Economic Environment ofbusiness is influenced by :
(a) Economic policy
(b) Economic system
(c) Economic development
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 11.
Staffing is the responsibility of.
(a) Lower management
(b) Middle management
(c) Top management
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 12.
According to George R. Terry, The type of planning are :-
(a) 08
(b) 06
(c) 04
(d) 02
Answer:
(d) 02

Question 13.
An organization is not helpful lor :-
(a) Co-ordination
(b) Contributes to morale
(c) Increase in corruption
(d) Incentive to growth
Answer:
(c) Increase in corruption

Question 14.
Employees Training is :-
(a) Necessary
(b) Unnecessary
(c) Compulsory
(d) Wastage of Money
Answer:
(c) Compulsory

Question 15.
Direction is related to employees :-
(a) Top level
(b) Middle level
(c) Lower level
(d) All level of above
Answer:
(d) All level of above

Question 16.
Organising process involves :-
(a) Grouping of indentical work
(b) Division of a work
(c) Assigning work to appropriate persons
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 17.
Fixed-capital is required for :-
(a) Payment of routine expenses
(b) Purchase of land
(c) Depositing in bank
(d) Payment to creditors
Answer:
(b) Purchase of land

Question 18.
SEBI is controller of :-
(a) Production
(b) Insider trading
(c) Capital marketing
(d) Government
Answer:
(c) Capital marketing

Question 19.
Entrepreneurship is an effort to create :-
(a) Risk
(b) Profit
(c) Jobs
(d) Business
Answer:
(c) Jobs

Question 20.
Working non-government organization in India is :-
(a) VOICE
(b) Common Cause
(c) A and B both
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) A and B both

Question 21.
The Advantage of marketing is to :-
(a) Consumers
(b) Businessmen
(c) Manufacturers
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 22.
Onwner’s Fund does not indued :-
(a) Share Capital
(b) Bank Loan
(c) Reserve Fund
(d) Share Premium
Answer:
(b) Bank Loan

Question 23.
Labelling is :-
(a) Compulsory
(b) Necessary
(c) Voluntary
(d) Wastage of Money
Answer:
(a) Compulsory

Question 24.
Consumer rights under Consumer Protection Act. are :-
(a) 08
(b) 07
(c) 06
(d) 10
Answer:
(a) 08

Question 25.
Social and economic development of a nation is the result of :-
(a) Entrepreneur
(b) Planning
(c) Operation
(d) Government
Answer:
(a) Entrepreneur

Question 26.
Advertising is done for :-
(a) Development of business
(b) Financial management
(c) Sales promotion
(d) Public relations
Answer:
(c) Sales promotion

Question 27.
Maximum period of treasury bill is :-
(a) One year
(b) Two years
(c) Five years
(d) Ten years
Answer:
(a) One year

Question 28.
Supervision is :-
(a) Necessary
(b) Unnecessary
(c) Wastage of time
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Necessary

Question 29.
Controlling is the function of
(a) Supervisor
(b) Sales man
(c) Mariager
(d) Employee
Answer:
(a) Supervisor

Question 30.
Steps Involved in selection process :-
(a) 07
(b) 09
(c) 06
(d) 10
Answer:
(a) 07

Question 31.
Depends on the sweet will of employees :-
(a) Divisional organisation
(b) Formal organisation
(c) Functional organisation
(d) Informal organization
Answer:
(d) Informal organization

Question 32.
Planning is not :-
(a) Mental exercise
(b) Forward looking
(c) Wastage of time
(d) Choosing process
Answer:
(d) Choosing process

Question 33.
The need in development of a country is :-
(a) Physical resources
(b) Economic resources
(c) Efficient management
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 34
14 principles of management is propounded by :
(a) Henary Feyol
(b) F. W. Taylor
(c) Peter Drucker
(d) A. H. Maslo
Answer:
(a) Henary Feyol

Question 35.
Liberalisation policy in India has been :-
(a) Successful
(b) Unsuccessful
(c) Normal
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Successful

Question 36.
Planning is helpful to :-
(a) Achieving objectives
(b) In co-ordination
(c) Effective controlling
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 37.
Wages given to workers in Traditional Management are :-
(a) Low
(b) High
(c) Normal
(d) Maximum
Answer:
(d) Maximum

Question 38.
Which of the following is not features of organization : –
(a) Group of Individuals
(b) Group of Machine
(c) A Structure
(d) A process
Answer:
(b) Group of Machine

Question 39.
Objective of employee’s development is :-
(a) Increase in knowledge
(b) Better performance
(c) opportunity of promotions
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 40.
Which of the following is not external sources of recruitment: –
(a) Transfer of employees
(b) Direct recruitment
(c) Campus recuitment
(d) Contractual recruitment
Answer:
(a) Transfer of employees

Question 41.
Type of communication are :-
(a) Written
(b) verbal
(c) Formal
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Formal

Question 42.
The leader possess :-
(a) Intelligence
(b) Foresightness
(c) Self-confidence
(d) Ail of these
Answer:
(d) Ail of these

Question 43.
In- effective communication language should not be :-
(a) Express
(b) Impressive
(c) Ambiguous
(d) Courtesy
Answer:
(d) Courtesy

Question 44.
Control is by employees.
(a) Opposed
(b) Supported
(c) Liked
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Opposed

Question 45.
The sources of working capital are :-
(a) Debtors
(b) Bank overdraft
(c) Cash sales
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Debtors

Question 46.
Capital market deals in
(a) Short term funds
(b) Medium term funds
(c) Long term funds
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Long term funds

Question 47.
Financial manager takes decision as to
(a) Finance
(b) Investment
(c) Dividend
(d) All of above
Answer:
(d) All of above

Question 48.
Consumer Protection Act was passed
(a) In 1886
(b) In 1986
(c) In 1996
(d) In 1997
Answer:
(b) In 1986

Question 49.
In India, entrepreneurial development programmer has been
(a) Successful
(b) Unsuccessful
(c) Need of improvement
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Need of improvement

Question 50.
Importance of Marketing concept is for
(a) Society
(b) Consumers
(c) Producers
(d) All of above
Answer:
(d) All of above

Non-Objective Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Question no. 1 to 25 are Short answer type questions. Answer any 15 out of them. Each question carries 2 marks. (15 x 3 = 30)

Question 1.
Write the name of the level of manage-ment.
Answer:
Following are the level of management :

1. Top Level Management
2. Middle Level Management
3. Lower Level Management.

Question 2.
Write any three points of the nautre of principles of management.
Answer:
Management of Principles : These are the statement of fundamental truth based on creation and systematic analysis which provides guidlines for managerial decision making and action.
Nature and charecteristics of management Principles are the same which are following :

1. Flexibility
2. Univarsal application
3. lack of humanimity
4. Beharourial.

Question 3.
Write the name of any four factors of business environment.
Answer:
Principles of Management :

1. Division of work : This means assigning the work to a person for which he is best suited. This principle is equally applicable to all hands of work managerial as well as technical.
2. Unity of command : This means that sub-ordinates should be receive orders from one senior only. A sub-ordinate receiving orders from two or more bosses can satisfy none.
3. Dicipline : Disciplines mean the observance of rules and regulations this principle emphasises the obedience on the part of the sub-ordinates.

Question 4.
Write name of any four merits of scientific management.
Answer:
Following are the merit of scientific management :

1. Reduction in the cost of production.
2. Better quality products.
3. Benefits of division of labour.
4. Avoidance of disputes between labour and management.

Question 5.
State any two types of planning on the basis of level of management.
Answer:
Types of planning on the basis of level of management are discussed below :

1. Operational plan
2. Tactical plan.
3. Strategical plan

Question 6.
State any four points of importance of organization.
Answer:
Importance of organisation are discussed below :

1. Makes the management simple and efficient.
2. Encourage specilization.
3. Improves constructive tainking.
4. Increase productivity.

Question 7.
Write the name of any five advantage of organization in business.
Answer:
Advantages of organisation are following :

1. Specilization
2. Role clarity
3. Clarifies authority and responsibility.
4. Avoiding duplication of work.
5. Co-ordination.

Question 8.
State any three qualities of a good leader.
Answer:
Qualities of a good leader are mention below:

1. Physical features
2. Knowledge
3. Integrity
4. Communication skills.
5. Motivation skills.
6. Initiative
7. Self confidence
8. Decisiveness
9. Social skills.

Question 9.
State name of any two methods of ‘on-the- job training.
Answer:
Following are the two methods of “on job training”.

1. Internship training method.
2. Case study method.

Question 10.
State any three barriers of. communication.
Answer:
Effective communication is essential for effective and efficient management of an organisation.
There are a number of barriers to effective communications,
such as :

1. Semantic barriers,
2. Psychological or Emotional barriers,
3. Organisational barriers
4. Personal barriers.

Question 11.
State any two headings of the importance of supervision.
Answer:
Following are the two importance of supervision :

1. Optimum utilization of Resoures : Supervision develops work skills which help in optimum utilization of resources.
2. Controlling performance : Supervision insures performance of work as per the targets.
   Supervisior assumes responsibility for the accomplish ment of task. Undertaken and motivates his fellow workers.

Question 12.
Write any four headings of the importance of control in management.
Answer:
Following are the four heading of importance of control in management :

1. Control is basis of planning.
2. Facilitates decision making.
3. Helps in improving efficiency.
4. Appraisal of performance.

Question 13.
Write name of any three methods/ techniques of control.
Answer:
Following are the methods/Techniques of control :

1. Budgetary control.
2. Break-even analysis.
3. Statistical Data.
4. Special reports and Analysis.
5. Operational Audit or Internal Audit.
6. Personal Observation.
7. Policies, Procedures and Instructions.
8. Ratio Analysis.
9. Other Techniques.

Question 14.
Write the name of any three financial decisions taken by management.
Answer:
The three main financial decision which are generally taken by a finance manager are as under.,

1. Investment Decision.
2. Financial Decision.
3. Dividend decision.

Question 15.
Write the name of any four factors which include in capital structure.
Answer:
Following are the four factors which include in capital structure :

1. Position of cash flow.
2. Cost of capital.
3. Return on investment.
4. Risk consideration.

Question 16.
Name the two factors affecting capital structure.
Answer:
Following are the two factors affecting capital structure.

1. Cost of capital.
2. Risk consideration.

Question 17.
State any four functions of financial market.
Answer:
Following are the four important functions of financial market :

1. Mobilisation of savings and channelising them into most productive uses.
2. Informational role for price recovery.
3.  Providing liquidity to financial assets.
4. Reducing the cost of transactions.

Question 18.
Write the two headings of the function of SEBI.
Answer:
Following are the two heading of SEBI functions :

1. Protective functinsz.
2. Development functions.

Question 19.
Name any four media of advertisement.
Answer:
Following are the four medium of advertising:

1. Newspapers
2. Magazines
3. Television
4. Radio.

Question 20.
State any two characteristics of a good brand.
Answer:
Following are the two features of good brand :

1. It should be distinctive.
2. It should be appropreate.

Question 21.
State any two objectives of consumer protection programme.
Answer:
The main two objectives of consumer protection act are as below :

1. To ensure fair, competitive and responsible markets that work well for consumers and promote ethical business practice.
2. To promote and protect the economics interests of consumers.

Question 22.
State any two characteristics of entrepreneurship.
Answer:

1. Innovation : Any innovative work is entrepreneurship. New resources, new products, new technology, new utilities, new managerial skills etc., come in the perview of entrepreneurship. Thus, the basic feature of entrepreneurship is innovation.
2. A high achievement function : Achievement orientation is the most important factor for explaining economic behaviour. ‘Doing things in a new and a better way’ and ‘decision-making under uncertainty’, can be regarded as two important features of entrepreneurship.

Question 23.
Name the needs which should be satisfied first.
Answer:
Following are five basic needs which should be satisfied first.

1. Physological needs.
2. Safety needs.
3. Love and belongingness needs.
4. Esteem needs.
5. Self actualization needs.

Question 24.
Write any three merits of advertising.
Answer:
Following are the merits of Advertising :

1. Introduces new product in the market.
2. Expansion of the market.
3. Increased sales.
4. Fight competition.
5. Enhance goodwill.
6. Elimination of middlemen.
7. Better quality products.
8. Educate the consumers.

Question 25.
Name any three sourcess of raising fixed capital.
Answer:
Following are the three sources of raising fixed capital :

1. Issue of equity and preference shares.
2. Issue of Debentures.
3. Issue of Right shares.
4. Retained Earning.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question no. 26 to 33 are Long answer type questions. Answer any 4 of them. Each question carries 5 marks. (4 x 5 = 20)

Question 26.
What is divisional organization ? State its main characteristics.
Answer:
Divisional Organisation/Departmentation: A department is a work group or unit which is created for performing certain functions of .similar nature. The process of division of the enterprise into different parts is broadly called departmentation.

The various parts or divisions are called as departments. It leads to grouping of both functions and personnel who are assigned to carry out allocated functions. It helps in creating a sound organisation structure. There can be many methods of departmentation. Every enterprise choose the appropriate basis or method depending upon its objectives, size, etc.

Merits :

1. This arrangement makes effective control possible
2. This arrangement is based on the principle of specialisation
3. It estrablishes co-ordination on the departmental level.

Demerits :

1. The weakness of one department affects the other departments
2. All the departments function according to their sweet will making inter-departmental co-ordination difficult
3. This system is q hurdle in the way of the complete development of the employees.

Question 27.
Explain the importance of decentralization.
Answer:
Decentralisation refers to the systematic effort to delegate to the lowest level all authority except which can be exercised at the central point.

The following factors highlight its importance :

1. Greatern Motivation : Decentralisation improves the morale and motivation of Subordinates which is reflected in better work performance.
2. Develops initiative among subordinates : Decentralisation helps to promote self-reliance and confidence amongst the subordinates. This is because when lower managerial levels are given freedom to take their own decisions, they learn to depend on their own judgement. It helps to promote initiative and creativity among them.
3. Develops managerial talent for the future : As a result of decentralisation, employees get more opportunities to develop new skills. It makes them better future managers.
4. Quick decision making : Decentralisation in an organisation, provides more freedom to lower level managers to take their own decisions. There is no need to get approval from higher level. It helps in quick and better decision making.
5. Facilitates growth and expansion : Decentralisation facilitates organisational growth through expansion and diversification.

Question 28.
Explain in brief the various methods of training.
Answer:
There are various methods of training. These are broadly categories into two groups :

• On the job.
• off-the job methods.

On the job methods :

1. Apprenticeship programmes: Apprenticeship programmes put the trainee under the guidance of master worker. These are designed to acquire a higher level of skill.
2. Coaching : In this method, the superior guides and instructs the trainee as a coach. The coach or counseler sets mutually agreed upon goals.
3. Internship training : It is a joint programme of training in which educational instigutions and business firms cooperate.
4. Job rotation : This kind of training involves shifiting the trainee from one department to another of from or one job to another.

Off the job methods:

1. Class room lectures/conferences: The lecture or conference approach is well adapted to conveying specific information rules, procedures or methods.
2. Films : They can provide information and explicitly demonstrate skills that are not easily represened by the other techniques.
3. Case study : Taken from actual experiences of organisations, cases represent attempts to describe,
   as accruetly as possible real problems that managers have faced.
4. Computer modelling: It simulates the work environment by programming a computer to imitate some of the realities of the job and allows learning to take place without the risk or high costs.
5. Vestibule training : Employees learn their jobs on the equipment they will be using, but the training is conducted away from the actual work floor.
6. Programmed instruction : The method incorporates a prearranged and proposed acuisition of some specific skills or general knowledge.

Question 29.
Discuss the importance of directing.
Answer:
Following are the importance of Directing :

1. Managerial function : Directing is a managerial function. It is through directing, the managers guides, inspires and leads the employees to perform the task assigned.
2. Continuing function : Directing is a continuous function. The managers continuously guide, inspire and lead the employees to get the work done.
3. Integrating process : Directing is an integrating process. It integrates the efforts of the employees to achieve the organisational objectives. It provides direction to their efforts. In the absence of direction, their efforts may not focus or concentrate on the objectives of the organisation and may remain inactive.
4. Pervasive function : Directing is a responsibility of all managers. It is performed at all levels of the organisation. Directing flow from top to lower levels of management.
5. Creative function : Driecting is a creative function. It converts paper plans into reality by initiating, guiding, leading and supervising.

Question 30.
Explain any four needs that motivate an employee to work.
Answer:
Froms of Non-financial Incentives: In order to motivate the employees management may use the following forms of non-financial incentives :

(i) Praise of appreciation of work done : Recognition of satisfactory performance acts as non- financial incentive since it satisfies one’s ego needs. However, this incentive should be used with great care because praising an incompetent employee creates resentment among competent employees.

(ii) Workers’ participation in management : Participation in management provides strong motivation to the employees. Gives them psychological satisfaction if there voice is header participants in management provides for two ways communication and so imbibes a sense of importance.

(iii) Suggestion system : Suggestion system is an incentive with satisfies many needs of the employees. Many organisations which use the suggestion system make use of cash awards for useful suggestion. They sometimes publish the workers name with the photograph in the company magazine. This motivates the employees to be in search for something which may be of greater use to the organisation.

(iv) Competition : If there is healthy competition among individual employees, group of employees, it leads them to achieve their persoanl or group goals. Hence, competition acts as none financial incentives.

(v) Opportunity for growth : Opportunity for growth is another kind of intensive. If the employees are provide opportunity for their advertisement and growth to develop their personality, they feel very much satisfied and more communicate to organisation goals.

Question 31.
Explain the functions of financial manager.
Answer:
Finances are the cornerstone of every business. The prime goal of my organization would be to garner huge profits and this is only possibe withh proper management of the finance. Therefore, effectual finance Management is imperative for every organization as it leads to enhanced profits are reduction in the operational cost.

A finance manger plays an impoertant role in the mangement of a business organbization as he manges all the activites related to finance. There are many functions that a financial manager is expected to perform .
These include.

1. Estimating the amount of capital required for the proper functioning of the business : The most basic function of a finance manager is the estimation of the capital because funds are required for both long term and short term. The firm requires capital so that it can its liability with no delay, benefit from early business opportunites, pay for resources, op-erational cost etc.

2. Devising a capital structure : For the determining the capital structure, the finance manager must ensure that the earning rate is higher than the rate of interest on the borrowed amount.

3. Sources to raise funds : For proper financial management, it is imperative to find can raise funds. The organisatiion can raise funds through different sources including equity and preference shares, debentures, banks, financial institutions other souces.

4. Acquisition of funds : While acquiring funds, the financial manager needs to follow some basic step such as legal formalities and documentation’ required.

Question 32.
What is working capital ? How is it calculated ?
Answer:
Meaning of Working Capital : Working capital refers to that capital which is utilized for meeting current liabilities by cash payments in the ordinary course of business. In other words, the working capital is invested in raw materials, in stock of partly finished goods in meeting day-to-day or current exenditure on salaries, wages, rent, rates, taxes, insurance, advertisement etc. in cash.
Determinants of Working Capital
(1) Size of Business : Larger of the business enterprise, greater would be the need for working capital. The size of a business may be measured in terms of scale of its business operations.

(2) Production Cycle : Production cycle means the time-span between the purchase of raw materials and its conversion into finished goods. The longer the production cycle, the larger will be the need for working capital.

(3) Production Policy : The need for working capital is also determined by production policy. The demand for certain products (such as woolen garments) is seasonal. Two type of production policies may be adopted for such products.

(4) Availability of Raw Material : If the raw material required by the firm is available easily on a continuous basis, there will be no need to keep a large inventory of such materials and hence the requirement of working capital will be less. On the other hand, if the supply of raw material is irregular, the firm will be compelled to keep an excessive inventory of such materials which will result in high level of working capital.

(5) Availability of Credit from Banks :If a firm can get easy bank credit facility in case of need, it will operate with less working capital

Question 33.
Explain any five functions of marketing.
Answer:
Function of Marketing:
(i) Gatrhering and analysing market information : An important function of a marketer is gather and analyse market information. It is necessary to identify the needs the customers and to take various decisions for the successful marketing of the products and services.

(ii) Marketing planning : Marketing manager has to develop appropriate marketing plans to achieve the marketing objectives of the firm.

(iii) Customers support services : Another very important function of marketing management relates to developing customers support serves such as procuring credit service after sales services, handling customer complaints, maintenance services, technical services and consumer information. All these services aim at providing maximum satisfaction to the customers.

(iv) Physical distributions : A very important function of marketing is to arrange for distribution o f goods and services. Physical distribution includes decisions regarding choice of channels of distribution, maintaining inventory, storange, warehousing etc.

(v) Utilising funds : It is the task of the finance manager to ensune that the funds are inuested wisely so as to garner maximum roll.

(vi) Disposing of Profits : Effectcial finance management involves Inalysing the funds that can be invested for proper working of the organization and distributing the rest amoung the shareholders.

(vii) A financial manager needs to manage the cash in such a way that there its neither shortage nor surplus and decily expenses can be met without any hassles.

(viii) Finance Management involves avaluation and control of the financial perform once of an organization

Bihar Board 12th Business Studies Model Question Paper 3 in English Medium

Time : 3 Hour 15 Min
Full Marks : 100

Instructions

1. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
2. Figures in the right hand margin indicate full marks.
3. 15 minutes of extra time has been allotted for the candidate to read the questions carefull.
4. This question paper has two sections : Section -A and Section-B.
5. In Section-A, there are 50 objective type questions which are compulsory, each carrying 1 mark. Darken the circle with black/blue ball pen against the correct option on OMR Sheet provided to you. Do not use Whitener/ Liquid/Blade/Nail on OMR Sheet, otherwise the result will be treated as invalid.
6. In Section-B, there are 25 Short answer type questions, out of which any 15 questions are to be answered. Each question carries 2 marks. Apart from this, there are 08 Long answer type questions, out-of which any 04 of them are to be answered. Each question carries 5 marks.
7. Use of any electronic device is prohibited.

Objective Type Questions

Question No. -1 to 50 have four options provided, out of which only one is correct. You have to mark, your selected option, on the OMR-Sheet. Each question carries 1 (one) mark. [50 x = 50]

Question 1.
“A Plan is a trap to capture the future.” This statement is of
(a) Newman
(b) Hurley
(c) Allen
(d) Terry
Answer:
(c) Allen

Question 2.
According to George R. Terry, the types of planning are-
(a) 08
(b) 06
(c) 04
(d) 02
Answer:
(c) 04

Question 3.
Planning is for
(a) Present
(b) Future
(c) Past
(d) All
Answer:
(b) Future

Question 4.
Planning is
(a) Necessary
(b) Un necessary
(c) Wastage of time
(d) Wastage of money
Answer:
(a) Necessary

Question 5.
Of all mangerial activites planning is the
(a) Beginning
(b) End
(c) Beginning and End
(d) None of Those
Answer:
(a) Beginning

Question 6.
Father of scientific management was-
(a) Taylor
(b) Urbick
(c) Henry Fayol
(d) Kimbell
Answer:
(a) Taylor

Question 7.
Which of the following statement is inconsistent ?
(a) Management is purposeful
(b) Instinct process
(c) Universal
(d) Not separate from ownership
Answer:
(b) Instinct process

Question 8.
Henry Fayol’s principles of management are-
(a) 05
(b) 10
(c) 14
(d) 16
Answer:
(c) 14

Question 9.
When scientific management was introduced ?
(a) 1913
(b) 1832
(c) 1903
(d) 1920
Answer:
(a) 1913

Question 10.
By scientific management workers get-
(a) Advantage
(b) Disadvantage
(c) None
(d) Both Advantage & Disadvantage
Answer:
(a) Advantage

Question 11.
Wages given to workers in traditional management was-
(a) Low
(b) High
(c) Maximum
(d) Normal
Answer:
(a) Low

Question 12.
The experiment done by Taylor under scientific management were-
(a) Motion Study
(b) Fatigue Study
(c) Time Study
(d) All
Answer:
(d) All

Question 13.
Mental revolution is the essence of-
(a) Scientific Management
(b) Combination
(c) Rationalisation
(d) Profession
Answer:
(a) Scientific Management

Question 14.
Henry Fayol was born in-
(a) Japan
(b) France
(c) Germany
(d) America
Answer:
(b) France

Question 15.
Principles of management are-
(a) Universal
(b) Flexible
(c) Dynamic
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Dynamic

Question 16.
Development of employees involve-
(a) Transfer
(b) Promotion
(c) Training
(d) All
Answer:
(d) All

Question 17.
Methods of Training are-
(a) Conference
(b) Lectures
(c) Apprenticeship
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 18.
Employees training is-
(a) Unnecessary
(b) Necessary
(c) Compulsory
(d) Luxury
Answer:
(c) Compulsory

Question 19.
Money spent on staffing is-
(a) Necessary
(b) Wastage
(c) Investment
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Investment

Question 20.
Human Resource Development includes-
(a) Recruitment
(b) Selection
(c) Training
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 21.
Main elements of direction are-
(a) 02
(b) 03
(c) 04
(d) 06
Answer:
(c) 04

Question 22.
Direction is related to employees
(a) Top Level
(b) Middle Level
(c) Lower Level
(d) All Level
Answer:
(d) All Level

Question 23.
Direction is
(a) Compulsory
(b) Necesssary
(c) Unnecessary
(d) Wastage of time
Answer:
(a) Compulsory

Question 24.
Supervision is
(a) Necessary
(b) un nesessary
(c) Wastage of time
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Necessary

Question 25.
For Stock exchange the service of SEBI is
(a) Volntary
(b) Nessary
(c) un necessary
(d) Compulsory
Answer:
(d) Compulsory

Question 26.
Marketing includes-
(a) Purchase
(b) Sale
(c) Warehousing
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 27.
Which one is not the consumer product among the following ?
(a) Raw materials
(b) Refrigerator
(c) Old statues
(d) Shoes
Answer:
(c) Old statues

Question 28.
Essentials of a good brand are-
(a) Short name
(b) Easy to remember
(c) Attractive design
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 29.
Labelling is compulsory in packed consumer products- ”
(a) All
(b) A Few
(c) None
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) All

Question 30.
Co-ordination is-
(a) Voluntary
(b) Necessary
(c) Unnecessary
(d) Wastage of time
Answer:
(b) Necessary

Question 31.
Co-ordination is established by-
(a) Highest level management
(b) Medium level management
(c) Low level management
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Low level management

Question 32.
According to George R. Terry the functions of management are-
(a) 02
(b) 04
(c) 06
(d) 07
Answer:
(b) 04

Question 31.
Co-ordination is established by-
(a) Highest level management
(b) Medium level management
(c) Low level management
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Low level management

Question 32.
According to George R. Terry the functions of management are-
(a) 02
(b) 04
(c) 06
(d) 07
Answer:
(b) 04

Question 33.
The essence of management is-
(a) Co-ordination
(b) Organisation
(c) Staffing
(d) Controlling
Answer:
(a) Co-ordination

Question 34.
The nature of management is-
(a) As an inborn ability
(b) As an acquired ability
(c) As inborn ability & as an acquired Ability both
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) As an inborn ability

Question 35.
Management is,
(a) Art
(b) Science
(c) Art and science both
(d) Profession
Answer:
(c) Art and science both

Question 36.
Which of the following attitudes is not generally associated with successful entreprenenship ?
(a) Competition and co-operation
(b) Desire to influence others
(c) Innovation and product improvements
(d) Staticity in business
Answer:
(b) Desire to influence others

Question 37.
Physical distribution does not include-
(a) Transportation
(b) Financing
(c) Warehousing
(d) Inventory control
Answer:
(b) Financing

Question 38.
Which is not an element of promotion mix ?
(a) Advertisements
(b) Personal selling
(c) Sales promotion
(d) Product development
Answer:
(a) Advertisements

Question 39.
Advertisement is deemed as-
(a) Wastage
(b) Investments
(c) Luxury
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Investments

Question 40.
Objectives of sales promotion are-
(a) To introduce with new products only
(b) To attract new customers only
(c) To counter competitor only
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 41.
New economic policy was declared in
(a) July 1990
(b) July 1991
(c) July 1992
(d) July 2001
Answer:
(b) July 1991

Question 42.
National Commission can settle disputes
(a) up to Rs.5 lakhs
(b) up to Rs.10 lakhs
(c) up to Rs.15 lakhs
(d) above Rs.l crore
Answer:
(c) up to Rs.15 lakhs

Question 43.
Management is a profession.” This statement is of
(a) George R. Terry
(b) American Management Association
(c) Henry Fayol
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) American Management Association

Question 44.
Control is the _________ function of the management.
(a) first
(b) Last
(c) Third
(d) second
Answer:
(b) Last

Question 45.
Which of the following is related with social environment ?
(a) Composition of families
(b) Consumer Protection Act
(c) Business Law
(d) Privatisation
Answer:
(a) Composition of families

Question 46.
The feature of a good plan is
(a) Expensive
(b) Time consuming
(c) Flexible
(d) Rigid
Answer:
(b) Time consuming

Question 47.
Co-ordination is established by
(a) Top level management
(b) Middle level management
(c) Lower level management
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) Middle level management

Question 48.
Marketing concept is
(a) Production co-oriented
(b) Sales – oriented
(c) Customer- oriented
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 49.
Fixed capital is needed for period.
(a) short period
(b) long period
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) long period

Question 50.
Capital market deals in
(a) short – term funds
(b) medium term funds
(c) long term funds
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) long term funds

Non-Objective Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Question no. 1 to 25 are Short answer type questions. Answer any 15 out of them. Each question carries 2 marks. (15 x 3 = 30)

Question 1.
What is meant by recruitment ? How is it different from selection ?
Answer:
Recruitment-This means to search prospective candidates and to stimulate them to apply for jobs in an organisation.
Distinction between selection and recruitment :

1. Recruitment is inviting and procuring application where as selection is processing and screening applicants
2. Recruitment is a medium while selection is the end results
3. Recruitment is a positive process, while selection is a negative one.
4. The process of selection starts, where the process of recruitment ends.

Question 2.
What is critical point control ?
Answer:
Critical point control-Control can not be excercised at all points of an activity, as it may be time-consuming and very expensive. Managers should identify the important or critical points which must be looked after. If these critical points or Key Results Areas (KRAs) are properly controlled, the entire activity would be deemed to have been controlled. In a labour-oriented industry, for example, 10% increase in wages will be more deterimental for the enterprise than .the amount to be spent for the purchase of furniture and crockery for the worker’s canteen.

Question 3.
What are the objectives of SEBI ?
Answer:
The followings are the objectives of SEBI:

1. To protect the investers’ interest in securities
2. To promote and develop securities market
3. To develop code of conduct for intermediaries like brokers, merchant bankers etc.
4. To mobilise and allocate resources through securities market
5. To provide facilitate of competitive, professionalized and expanding market to the intermediaries.

Question 4.
How does planning make controlling possible ?
Answer:
Planning make controlling possible by using these types of plans :

1. Corporate plans
2. Functional Plans
3. Short – term plans
4. Long – term plans
5. Standing plans

Question 5.
Give suggestions to make advertising ‘ more effective.
Answer:
Advertising is the preparation and communication of some message to the desired population through a medium/media,regarding a product, service or idea for some consideration.
Consider following term to making advertising more effective :

1. Maintenance of quality
2. Helps in making decision
3. Educating customers
4. Aids press
5. Encouragement to research
6. Higher standard of living
7. Creation of goodwill

Question 6.
Indian Government has made many laws to secure the interests of consumers. Discuss.
Answer:
Some important Consumer Protection Act made by Indian Government as discussed below-

1. The Prevention of Black Marketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act., 1980-This Act prevents social and economic evil of black marketing. Any person engaged in black marketing can be detained under this Act.
2. The Essential Commodities Act, 1956-This Act provides for the control of production, supply, price and distribution of essential commodities, like wheat, rice, sugar, oil etc.
3. The Standard of Weights and Measures Act, 1956-This Act lays down that standards of measurement must be set whenever required. Inspection of weights and measures should be undertaken as some traders find ways of weighing or measuring less or weighing the containers along with the goods.
4. The Competition Act, 2002-This Act has been substituted with the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act, 1969).
5. The Contract Act, 1982-This Act binds the people to fulfill their promises with respect to a valid contract.
6. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986-The object of this Act to protecting the consumers from anti trade practices making profit.

Question 7.
What is the importance of management ?
Answer:
If the administration of the organised sector is left to generalists, having no knowledge of management theory and practice, the activities of business and non-business organisations will be Jeopardised and there will be chaos all around. If a nation wants to be prosperious, it will have to produce efficient managers.

The following are the importance of efficient management:

1. Maximum results with minimum Resources
2. Realisation of Personal objectives,
3. Economic Growth
4. System in place of Rule of Thumb
5. Protection of Investor’s Interests.

Question 8.
“Planning is a mental process.” Explain.
Answer:
Let us examine some of the parts of definition of planning in regard “Planning is a mental process”.-
“Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and who is to do it. It makes possible for things to occur which would not otherwise happen : we can also say that planning is the excercise of creative thinking in the solution of business problems. It involves the determination of what is to be done, how and where it is to be done, and who shall be responsible. We conclud the above fact that The act of thinking and determining a course of action, spelt out in detail, is called planning.

Question 9.
What do you mean by ‘training’ ? How does it differ from ‘education’ ?
Answer:
Training is the process of improving the attitudes, skills, performance and knout edge of the employees to make them enable for the job. Training is different from education on the basis of following grounds –

1. Education focuses on creating lifelong independent thinkers where as training focuses on skills sought after by employers.
2. Training has its roots in the guid system while education’s origins lie in universities.
3. Training uses textbooks and prescriptives methods.
4. In today’s universities highly specialized areas of training are being bassed off as education.

Question 10.
State the objectives of controlling.
Answer:
The purpose of managerial control is to ensure the desired level of efficiency in business. It helps the manager to achive the desired goals of business efficiently and effectively. The objectives of controlling are briefly stated below :

1. To develop suitable control techniques and to diagnose critical control points
2. To ensures that the performance is in accordance with the predetermined plans or targets, and to know the actual level of performance,
3. To find out deviations from the planned schedule and targets
4. To analysis deviation for knowing causes there of.
5. To consider and take whatever correchive measure are necessary and to redefine standards, if deviations are uncontrollable.

Question 11.
Distinguish between marketing and selling.
Answer:
Marketing and selling can be distinguished on the basis of the following points :
Marketing :

1. It creates demand, products goods and services, supplies the same and satisfies the consumers.
2. It includes creation of demand, pricing, promotion, sales and after sale services.
3. It aims at optimizing profit by optimizing consumers’ satisfaction.
4. It start much earlier than that of selling and it continues even after selling has come to an end.

Selling :

1. It just transfers the ownership of goods and services to the consumers.
2. It involves giving of goods and services for some consideration.
3. It’s main objective is to maximising profits by maximising sale.
4. It start when the goods and services are ready for exchanging; it comes to an end when the owner ship is passed on to the buyer.

Question 12.
What do you mean by levels of Management ?
Answer:
‘Levels of Management’ means different categories of managers having different quanta of authority form the lowest to the highest. There is no hard and fast rule about the number of levels in an enterprise. Small organisations have less levels and the number of levels, generally, increases as the size of organisation expands. It is also not necessary that the enterprises of the same size should have equal or identical levels.
From the study point or view the various managers may be grouped into the following thrice levels.

1. Top level management.
2. Middle level management.
3. Lower level management or super-visory or operational level management.

Question 13.
Write the different steps in the process of organising.
Answer:
Organising as a process includes the following steps:

1. Identification of Activities and their division : The process of organising starts with the identification of various activities. These activities are divided into various homogeneous units, which is called job and these jobs are assigned to the employees in a manageable-and systematic manner.
2. Grouping the activities into departments : Each Cluster of homogeneous activities is eammarked as a department and it gets a name according to the activities under taken there.
3. Assigning Duties : Once departments have been created, employees working in different departments get the work to be done by them. Each employees gets the work according to his/her specialisation and skills.
4. Establishing work Relationship : Under this step various work relation ships are established. These may be senior subordinate or lateral relationship.

Question 14.
What is meant by capital structure ?
Answer:
Capital structure is the composition or mix of different types of long term capital whether owned or borrowed. These may be in the form of share capital, debentures and long term loans from financial institutions. Like the plan of capitalisation, capital structure should be also planned. Share capital is an important component of the capital structure.

Question 15.
Distinguish between Centralisation und Decentralisation.
Answer:
Centralisation & Decentralisation : Centralisation & Decentralisation are relation terms. An organisation is said to be centralised when the authority relation to decesion making is remained with top level while it is called decentralised when these authorities are delegated.

In the words of Henri fayol, Everything which goes to increase the sub-ordinate’s role, is decentralisation, everything that goes to reduce, it is centralisation.

Question 16.
Discuss in brief, any three principles of Scientific Management.
Answer:
Principles of Management :

1. Division of work : This means assigning the work to a person for which he is best suited. This principle is equally applicable to all hands of work managerial as well as technical.
2. Unity of command : This means that sub-ordinates should be receive orders from one senior only. A sub-ordinate receiving orders from two or more bosses can satisfy none.
3. Discipline : Disceplines mean the observance of rules and regulations this principle emphasises the obedience on the part of the sub-ordinates.

Question 17.
Give three advantages of budgetary control.
Answer:
There are following Advantage of Budgetory control:

1. Availcibility of yardsticks : Under budgetory control, budgets are used as yardsticks for determining the legitimacy of the task performed.
2. Maximum Utilisation of Resources : Various resources, like men, material, money etc. Can be optimally utilised through budgetory control.
3. Improvement in Co-ordination : It improve Co-ordination in the concerned activities for example, sale and production activities are interrelated.

Question 18.
Why is entrepreneurship regarded as a creative activity ?
Answer:
There are following reasons of entrepreneurship regarded as creative ativities as

1. It is necessary to management efficiently for its organisational ability and development.
2. For starting any new production.
3. For modify the organisation.
4. It is necessary for entrepreneur to development and competite their competitors.

Question 19.
Planning is a continuous process. How ? Explain.
Answer:
Planning is a continuous process : Plans need continuous review with a view to take cognisance of nature of economics to keep an equilibrium in changing pattern of demand and supply involving co-ordination of different function of management and thus to keep the business in perfect running conduction. So planning is a dynamic & continuous concept or process.

Question 20.
What do you mean by Promotion mix ?
Answer:
Promotion Mix : Promotion is an important element of marketing mix. It helps in boosting sales through its sub components.
There are four major promotion mix are :

1. Advertising
2. Personal selling
3. Sales promotion
4. Publicity.

The purpose of each is to popularize the product and services and help in boosting sales.

Question 21.
Distinguish between formal and informal communications.
Answer:
Distinguish between formal & informal communication
Formal communication :

1. It takes place in the formal fashion.
2. Communication takes place among officials or with outsiders in their capacity.
3. Parties involved in communication have formal relations.
4. Message is more reliable as the communication take place officially.
5. It consist information technology like cellphones, computers etc.

Informal communication :

1. It take place unofficially.
2. Communication takes place among official or with outsiders in unofficial capacity.
3. Here they have social or friendly relations.
4. Members communicate in their personal capacity sometimes inaccurate information may be passed on.
5. it consist face-to-face communication.

Question 22.
State any two functions of top level management.
Answer:
Following are the two function of top level management :

1. The main function of top level management is that to explain the objectives; determination of policy and directing.
2. It’s function to determine short-term or long term objectives of organisation.

Question 23.
Explain any two elements of delegation of authority.
Answer:
Following are the two elements of delegation of authority.

1. Assignments of tasks and duties : In the process of delegation every superior has to define the jobs to be performed by his subordination.
2. Grant of Authority : Grant of authority implies giving the rights to subordinates to decide and act, to use necessary resources and represents the superior.

Question 24.
What is Recruitment ?
Answer:
Recruitment functions is concerned with discovering the sources of man power required and tapping these sources, i.e. attracting the potential, employees to offer services to the working organisation.

Question 25.
Enumerate any four non-monetary incentives.
Answer:
Four-non-monetary incentive :

1. Safe services
2. Opportunity to promotion,
3. Eligibility, praise
4. Justice
5. Top enrichment
6. job security.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question no. 26 to 33 are Long answer type questions. Answer any 4 of them. Each question carries 5 marks. (4×5 = 20)

Question 26.
What is financial planning ? What are the element/factors which affect financial planning ?
Answer:
13. Financial planning-Financial planning means deciding in a advance how much to spend, on what to spend, according to the funds at your disposal. Walker and Baughn have defined financial planning in the following words-

“Financial planning pertains only to the function of finance and includes the determination of the firm’s financial objectives, formulating and promulgating financial policies and developing financial procedures.”
This definition is considered to be the best definition of financial planning. It includes three main aspects of financial planning-

1. Determination of financial objectives
2. Formulation of financial Policies
3. Development of financial procedures.

Factors Affecting Financial Planning Or, Elements Determining Financial Planning-A financial plan should be prepared very carefully because it has long-term impact on the working of an enterprise. Financial plan is affected by a number of factors. All these factors should be taken into consideration while preparing a financial plan-

(i) Nature of industry – The nature of industry of business plays a decisive role in drafting of financial plan. A capital-intensive industry like cement, paper or fertilizer requires more capital while a labour
intensive enterprise requires less amount of capital. In addition to it, the stability and regularity of income, future prospects of growth, the fluctuations in the demand of the product being manufactured by the firm, the extent of automation, etc., play a dominant role in determining the capital needs as well as capital structure.

(ii) Status of unit – This step includes the evaluation of increment characteristics of the unit like age, size, market area, scope and nature of the field, then reputation of management etc.

(iii) Flexibility – Flexibility and not the rigidity should be the main principle to be followed in the financing planning. If there is no flexibility in financial plans it would be very difficult later on, to carry on its expansion or diversification programmes due to lack of funds.

(iv) Plans for the future growth – Firms expect to grow larger in size as they grow old. So while undertaking current financing decisions, the factors of future growth should be suitable weighed. Capital structure must be of high grade securities.

(v) Capital structure – The capital structure of the company must be of high grade securities. It should be diversified but balanced. No permanant charge should be created on the capital of the industry. Fair rate of dividend should also be maintained.

(vi) Amount of risk – The risk involved in the business should also be discussed while planning the sources of funds. For business having more risks should issue ownership securities only while enterprise with stable earning expectation can take advantage of trading on equity.

(vii) Magnitude of external capital requirement – It would be a good policy for the industry to finance its expansion or diversification programmes through internal resources such as ploughing back of profits, reserves and surplus, etc., but short-term finances may be obtained from external sources by issuing redeemable preference shares or debentures if they are urgently needed.

(viii) Attitude of management – The attitude of management and management policies regarding trading on equity, capital earning ratio, the desire and extent to converse the control of enterprise, etc., affect in no small amount of pattern of financing.

(ix) Appraisal of alternative sources of finance – A study of the potential suppliers of fund has to be made and then Only a firm can expect to obtain funds suited to its advantage.

(x) Government policies and control – In preparing financial plan, the promoter should invariably take into account the governmental policies, financial controls and other monetary and fiscal policies of the government.

Question 27.
Explain various money market instruments.
Answer:
The main tools of money market have been described below-
(i) Treasury bills-These instruments are issued Reserve Bank of India. These are short-term securities with moturities of one year or less. These bills bear on interest. However they are issued at less than their face value and redeemed at for – the difference bring the interest on investment.

(ii) Interbank call money-This is a technique of lending and borrowing by banks on short-term basis. There may be situations when banks may come across shortage of money due to excessive withdraws or beary loan demands. In such cases banks can take loans from others banks as emergency solutions such loans are usually given for one day.

(iii) Commercial paper-This is a debt instrument issued by a company to meet its short-term financing needs. This is normally in the form of a promissory note. The issuing company promises to pay back the amount of the commercial paper within a stipulated period which is usually less than 270 days.

(iv) Certificates of deposit (CDs)-These were introduced in India in 1989 as a short-term unsecured promissary note, these are relatively low-risk debt instruments issued by banks. They mention that the named party has a specified sumon deposit, usually for a given period of time, at a fixed rate of interest, the period of CDs generally range from one month to five years. It implies that this sources in useful for short and medium-terms. Howevers, the permissible periodical range, at present, in India money market is from 7 to 365 days.

(v) Commercial bill/Trade bill – It is the bill of exchange drawn by the creditor on his/her debtors, extending credit for a short-term, it is a written order for a certain period to boy a specific sum for which the debtors has received value. After it has been signed by the debtors, it becomes a negotiable instruments. It can be discounted in a bank dr endorsed to a person against receipt of equivalent value or be kept till maturity and then getting the amount stated in it.

Question 28.
What do you mean by ‘Delegation’ ? Explain any four points which highlight the importance of delegation in an organisation.
Answer:
The need of delegation of authority arises when the volume is work of a manager increased and
be becomes over burdened. In order to reduce his work load, he follows a process by which some tasks within his Jurisdiction are assigned to his sub ordinates on a selective basis. For during the assigned work/ task, appropriate authority is also given. Such authority is known as delegation of authority.

Definitions : “Delegation is the process of a manager follow in dividing the work assigned to him so that he performs that part which only he, because of his unique organisational placement, can perform effectively and so that he can get others to help him what remains.”

Importance of delegation can be explained through the following points.

1. Relief to over burdned managers : As the business expand, seniors may become too heavily occupied. They may need the services of someone who can share their burden. They find the remedy by adapting the technique of delegation.
2. Improvement is the Quality and Quantity of works : When a single person has to do voluminous work, he does it at he cost of its quality and quantity. He can take care of both if he shares their work with someone. Delagation provides on opporunity to seniors for sharing their work with subordinates.
3. Source of Enhancing Job satisfactions : Delegation provides opportunities of Job-enlargement and Job-enrichment to sub-ordinates.
4. Seniors’ focus on more important Tasks : Seniors, generally, delegate the routine type of tasks to their delegates. This enables them to devote more time and energies to more important tasks.
5. Training ground for the sub-ordinates : Delegation provides opportunities to the sub-ordinates for doing higher level job.
6. Quick Decesion making : Since delegatees get limited tasks through delegation, they are able to take decisions quickly.
7. Effective co-ordination : Delegation stream lines the co-ordination and makes it more effective. All this makes co-ordination more effective.

Question 29.
“Money spent on advertisement is a social waste” Do you agree with this ?
Answer:
No ! the money spent on advertisement is not social waste, but it is an investment. Advertising plays a beneficial role for boosting up the sale, profit and reputation of the modern business. It provides benefits not only traders but to the customers and society also, which have been discussed below:

1. Increase Sales : The mein objective of advertisement is to increase sales production on a large scale, makes it necessary to sell on a large scale. Advertisement helps to create a wide base to facilities sales on large scale.
2. Steady demand : In the absence of personal touch between the buyers and the sellers, it is necessary to keep customers constantly aware and informed of the product so that there could be a steady demand for the products. This continuous information is provided through advertisement.
3. Helps in making decesion : Customers get the required information types of product available in the market to satisfy their demand their relative advantage or disadvantages, price and utility, etc. On the basis of this information a customer finds it easy to arrive at any decision. Selection becomes essay for him.
4. Educating customers : Advertisement educate people about various products and their diverse uses. It tells consumers about better ways of living there by increasing living standards.
5. Provide Employment : Advertisement is a source of employment for many persons. Making advertising copies dicussion with sponsors, printing the Advertisement etc require the services of many persons.
6. Higher standard of living : It helps to raise the standard of living by educating people, by providing them more job opportunities and facilitating in production on a large scale.

Question 30.
What do you mean by staffing is it a part of Human Resource Management ? Clarify.
Answer:
Staffing : ‘Staffing’is the term used when recruitment and selection, training and development, compensation and relesstion, etc. functions are performed for appointing and retaining managers. According to koontz, O’ Donnell and Weihrich “Staffing is the executive function which involves the recruitment, selection, compensating, training, promotions and retirement of subordinate managers.”

Yes ! It is a part of human resource management. Human resource management is a broad concept. “HRM is the art of processing, developing and maintaining suitable persons to acheive the goals of an organisation in on effective way. It is the way of optimising human competence at the work place. So that the goals of an organisation are accomplished effectively.” According to Ivancevich and Glueck, “HRM is concerned with the most effective use of people to acheive organisational and individuals goals. It is a way of managing people at work, so that they give their best to the organisation.”

Question 31.
“Co-ordination is the essence of management” Explain this statement.
Answer:
Co-ordination is the essence of management : Co-ordination is required at every step of management. It exist with each function of management planning presupposes application of the princeiples of Co-ordination for achieving objective of the fullness, managers have to ensure proper Co¬ordination among various persons and departments.

While establishing the organisational structure Co – ordination among varions positions must be given due consideration. The absence of Co-ordination weakens the effect of authority, responsibility relationship in the organisational structure. Like planning and organizing

Co-ordination has a relevance to other functions of management also. The importance of directing components, viz., communication leadership motivation and supervision increase if the Co – ordination principles have been interwoven with them. Similarly, Co-ordination enhances the importance of staffing & controlling.

Question 32.
Why is delegation necessary for an effective organisation.
Answer:
Delegation of authority is an important function of organisation, it helps in improving the managerial effectiveness. It is essential for effective organisation due to following reasons :

1. Relief to overburdened managers : As the business expand, seniors may become too heaving occupied. They may need the services of someone who can share their burden. They by the remedy by adopting the technique of delegation.
2. Improving in the quality & Quantity of work : When a single person has to do locuminous work the does it at the cost of its quality and quantity. He can take care of both if he shares it with someone. Delegation provides an opportunity to seniors for sharing their work with subordinates.
3. Sources of Enhancing job satisfaction : Delegation provides opportunities of job enlargement and job enrichment to sub-ordinates get more job satisfaction when they get additional challenging assignments.
4. Quick Decision making : Delegation also implies that delegatees will get the authority of decesions making in prescribed field. Since delegates get limited take through delegation they are able to take decesion quickly.
5. Facilitation of organisational Growth : The delegates get an exposure of doing higher level jobs. When organisation expands, the delegatees may he asked to take up the higher level positions resulting due to the expansion of the organisation.
6. Effective Co-ordination : Delegation stream lines the co-ordination and make it more effective.

Question 33.
Define Financial Management and discuss its objectives.
Answer:
Financial Management: If is the process of decision making and implementing it in all respects for the inflows and outflows of funds.
According to weston & Brighan, Financial management is an area of financial decision making, harmonising individuals motive and enterprise goals.
Objective of Financial Management :

(i) Profit Maximisation : Finance manager tries to augment the earning of profit. This may be done by procuring the optimum amount of finance by creating minimum liability on the company and by utilising the finance in the best possible way.

(ii) Wealth Maximisation : Along with the objective of profit maximisation, importance to wealth maximisation should also be attached. Both the objective should be considered side-by-side. In fact, wealth maximisation is increasingly being accepted as the goal of finance function.

Wealth of the company = No. of share X market price pershare
Wealth maximisation is a better goal of finance function since it represents the long term interest of shareholders.

Bihar Board 12th Maths Model Question Paper 2 in English Medium

Time : 3 Hours 15 Min
Full Marks: 100

Instructions for the candidates :

1. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
2. Figure in the right-hand margin indicates full marks.
3. While answering the questions, the candidate should adhere to the word limit as far as practicable.
4. 15 Minutes of extra time has been allotted for the candidate to read the questions carefully.
5. This question paper is divided into two sections. Section-A and Section-B
6. In Section A, there are 1-50 objective type questions which are compulsory, each carrying 1 mark. Darken the circle with blue/black ball pen against the correct option on the OMR Sheet provided to you. Do not use Whitener/Liquid/ Blade/Nail on OMR Sheet otherwise result will be invalid.
7. In section-B, there are 25 short answer type questions (each carrying 2 marks), out of which only 15 (fifteen) questions are to be answered.
   A part from this there is 08 Long Answer Type questions (each carrying 5 marks), out of which 4 questions are to be answered.
8. Use of any electronic device is prohibited.

Objective Type Questions

There are 1 to 50 objective type questions with 4 options, choose the correct option which is to be answered on OMR Sheet (50 × 1 = 50)

Question 1.
Let R be the relation in the set {1, 2, 3, 4} given by R = {(1,2), (2,2), (1,1), (4,4), (1,3), (3,3), (3,2)}.
(a) R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
(b) R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(c) R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
(d) R is an equivalence relation
Answer:
(b) R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

Question 2.
The number of binary operation in set {a, b} is
(a) 10
(b) 16
(c) 20
(d) 8
Answer:
(b) 16

Question 3.
The range of \(f(x)=\sqrt{(x-1)(3-x)}\) is
(a) [1,3]
(b) [0,1]
(c) [ -2,2 ]
(d) None
Answer:
(b) [0,1]

Question 4.
\(2 \tan ^{-1} \frac{1}{3}+\tan ^{-1} \frac{1}{7}=\)
(a) \(\tan ^{-1} \frac{44}{29}\)
(b) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
(c) 0
(d) \(\frac{\pi}{4}\)
Answer:
(d) \(\frac{\pi}{4}\)

Question 5.
\(\cos ^{-1}\left(\cos \frac{7 \pi}{6}\right)\) =
(a) \(\frac{7 \pi}{6}\)
(b) \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
(c) \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)
(d) \(\frac{5 \pi}{6}\)
Answer:
(d) \(\frac{5 \pi}{6}\)

Question 6.
sin^-1 (1 – x) – 2sin ^-1x = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) so x = :
(a) 0,\(\frac{1}{2}\)
(b) 1,\(\frac{1}{2}\)
(c) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(d) 0
Answer:
(a) 0,\(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 7.
If sin^-1 x + sin^-1 y = \(\frac{\pi}{3}\) then cos^-1 x + cos^-1 y is equal to
(a) \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)
(b) \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
(c) \(\frac{2\pi}{3}\)
(d) π
Answer:
(c) \(\frac{2\pi}{3}\)

Question 8.
\(\int \frac{k^{\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}} d x=\)

Answer:
\(2 k^{\sqrt{x}} / \log e^{k}+c\)

Question 9.
\(\int \frac{1}{\sin x+\cos x} d x=\)

Answer:
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \log \tan \left(\frac{\pi}{2}+\frac{x}{8}\right)+k\)

Question 10.
\(\frac{d}{d x} \int f(x) d x=\)
(a) f'(x)
(b) f(x)
(c) f'(x)
(d) f(x) + c
Answer:
(b) f(x)

Question 11.
\(\int_{0}^{1} \frac{f(x)}{f(x)+f(1-x)} d x=\)
(a) 0
(b) 1/2
(c) 1
(d) None
Answer:
(b) 1/2

Question 12.
\(\int_{-\pi / 2}^{\pi / 2} \sin ^{2} x d x=\)
(a) 0
(b) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
(c) 1
(d) π
Answer:
(a) 0

Question 13.
\(\int_{0}^{\pi}(\sqrt{\tan x}+\sqrt{\cot x}) d x=\)

Answer:
\(\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{2}}\)

Question 14.
\(\int \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{3}}} d x=\)

Answer:
(a) \(\frac{3}{2} x^{2 / 3}+c\)

Question 15.
\(\frac{\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left(x^{3}+x \cos x+\tan ^{5} x+1\right) d x}{2}\) =
(a) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
(b) π
(c) 0
(d) 2
Answer:
(b) π

Question 16.
If x>a, then \(\int \frac{d x}{x^{2}-a^{2}} d x=\)

Answer:
\(\frac{1}{2 a} \log \frac{x-a}{x+a}+k\)

Question 17.
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of x units of a product is given by R (x) = 13x² + 26x +15.
Then marginal revenue when x = 7 is
(a) Rs. 208.
(b) Rs. 308
(c) Rs. 140
(d) Rs. 508
Answer:
(a) Rs. 208.

Question 18.
In what interval the function log x is strictly increasing.
(a) (∞,0)
(b) (-∞,0)
(c) (0, ∞)
(d) (0,-∞)
Answer:
(c) (0, ∞)

Question 19.
The slope of normal to the curve y = 2x² + 3 sin x at the point x = 0 is
Answer:
(a) 3
(b) 1/3
(c) -3
(d) -1/3
Answer:
(d) -1/3

Question 20.
\(\int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi / 2} \sin ^{7} x d x=?\)
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) None
Answer:
(c) 0

Question 21.
\(\int \frac{1}{x} d x=?\)
(a) log_e1/x
(b) log_ex + c
(c) log_ax + c
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) log_ex + c

Question 22.
∫tan x dx = ?
(a) log cos x + c
(b) log sec x + c
(c) log cot x + c
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) log sec x + c

Question 23.
The value of \(\int_{0}^{1} e^{x} d x\) is
(a) e – 1
(b) e
(c) 1
(d) None
Answer:
(a)e – 1

Question 24.
If f(-x)=-f(x) then which of the value of \(\int_{-a}^{a} f(x) d x\)
(a) f(a)
(b) 2f(a)
(c) 0
(d) None
Answer:
(c) 0

Question 25.
\(\int \frac{1+x}{x^{2}} d x=?\)

Answer:
(a) \(\log x-\frac{1}{x}+c\)

Question 26.
The area of the region enclosed by y² = 4ax and latus rectum is

Answer:
(b) \(\frac{8 a_{\cdot}^{2}}{3} \text { unit }^{2}\)

Question 27.
Let f(x) = \(\int_{1}^{\pi} \sqrt{2-t^{2}} d t\) then real root of the equation x² -f'(x) = 0 is
(a) \(\pm \frac{1}{2}\)
(b) ±1
(c) \(\pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
(d) ±2
Answer:
(b) ±1

Question 28.
The order of diff.eqⁿ \(\left(\frac{d \cdot^{2} y}{d x^{2}}\right)^{4}+3\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right) \cdot^{3}+9 y=\cos x\) is
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) None
Answer:
(c) 2

Question 29.
The degree of diff. eqⁿ \(\left\{1+\cdot\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right) \cdot^{2}\right\}^{3 / 2}=m \frac{d^{2} y}{d x^{2}}\)
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) 0
Answer:
(c) 1

Question 30.
The order of diff. eqⁿ \(2 x^{2} \frac{d^{2} y}{d x^{2}}-3 \frac{d y}{d x}+y=0)\)
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) Not defined
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 31.
The integrating factor of diff. eqⁿ \(x \frac{d y}{d x}-y=2 x^{2}\) is
(a) e^-x
(b) e^-y
(c) 1/x
(d) x
Answer:
(a) e^-x

Question 32.
The number of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of the differential equation of order third is
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 0
Answer:
(a) 3

Question 33.
Which of the statement is true for ∆ABC:

Answer:
(c) \(\overrightarrow{A B}+\overrightarrow{B C}-\overrightarrow{C A}=0\)

Question 34.
Let \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{b}\) be two unit vectors and 6 is the angle – between them. Then \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}\) is unit vector if

Answer:
(d) \(\theta=\frac{2 \pi}{3}\)

Question 35.
The value of \(\hat{i} \cdot(\hat{j} \times \hat{k})+\hat{j} \cdot(\hat{i} \times \hat{k})+\hat{k} \cdot(\hat{i} \times \hat{j})\) is
(a) 0
(b) -1
(c) 1
(d) 3
Answer:
(c) 1

Question 36.
The position vector of the three points are \(\vec{a}-2 \vec{b}+3 \vec{c}, 2 \vec{a}+3 \vec{b}-4 \vec{c}, 7 \vec{b}-10 \vec{c}\). Then Points are
(a) Collinear
(b) Coplanar
(c) Non-coplanar
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Collinear

Question 37.
If a line makes the angle α, β and γ with the x,y and Z-axes then
(a) cos² α + cos² β + cos² γ = -1
(b) sin² α + sin² β + sin² γ = 2
(c) cos² α+cos² β + cos² γ = 2
(d) cos² α + cos² β + cos² γ = 1
Answer:
(b) sin² α + sin² β + sin² γ = 2

Question 38.
If x-axis makes angle 0°, 90°, 90° with the x, y and Z-axes respectively. Then direction cosine of x-axis is
(a) 0,0,1
(b) 1,0,0
(c) 0,0,1
(d) 0,1,0
Answer:
(b) 1,0,0

Question 39.
If the direction cosines of two lines are lv mv nl and l₁, m₁2,n₁ and l₂, m₂, n₂ respectively, then mutually perpendicular if
(a) \(\frac{l_{1}}{l_{2}}=\frac{m_{1}}{m_{2}}=\frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}}]\)
(b) l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = 0
(c) l₁m₁n₁ + l₂m₂n₂
(d) None of these
Answer:
l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = 0

Question 40.
The distance of the plane 2x-3y + 4z-6 = 0 from the origin is

Answer:
(c) \(\frac{6}{\sqrt{29}}\)

Question 41.
If the plane has the intercepts a,b,c and is at a distance of p units from the origin is

Answer:
(b) \(\frac{1}{a^{2}}+\frac{1}{b^{2}}+\frac{1}{c^{2}}=\frac{1}{p^{2}}g\)

Question 42.
The feasible region due to non-negative constraints will lie in which of the following quadrants ?
(a) Fourth
(b) First
(c) Third
(d) Second
Answer:
(b) First

Question 43.
The graph of linear equation ax + by = c, which is a straight line will passes through which of the following point on the x-axis is

Answer:
(b) \(\left(\frac{c}{a}, 0\right)\)

Question 44.
If A and Bare two events such that \(\mathbf{P}\left(\frac{\mathbf{A}}{\mathbf{B}}\right)=\mathbf{P}\left(\frac{\mathbf{B}}{\mathbf{A}}\right) \neq \mathbf{0}\) Then
(a)A ⊆ B
(b) A = B
(c) A ∩ B = Φ
(d) P(A) = P(B)
Answer:
(d) P(A) = P(B)

Question 45.
If P(A) = \(\frac{7}{13}\) ,P(B) = \(\frac{9}{13}\) and P(A ∩B)= \(\frac{4}{13}\) . Then P(\(\frac{A}{B}\)) is equal to
(a) \(\frac{3}{9}\)
(b) \(\frac{4}{9}\)
(c) \(\frac{5}{19}\)
(d) \(\frac{7}{9}\)
Answer:
(b) \(\frac{4}{9}\)

Question 46.
If P(\(\frac{A}{B}\)) > P(A) Then which of the following is true ?
(a) P (B/A) < P(B)
(b) P (A ∩B) < P(A).P(B) (c) P (B/A) > P(B)
(d) P (B/A) = P(B)
Answer:
(c) P (B/A) > P(B)

Question 47.
Which of the following is probability distribution.

Answer:

Question 48.
If A and B are any two events such that P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.6. Then P(A∪B)+P(A∩B) = ?
(a) 0.4
(b) 0.8
(c) 0.12
(d) 0.9
Answer:
(b) 0.8

Question 49.
A dice is thrown 6 times. If “getting 6 success is”.
(a) \(\frac{1}{64}\)
(b) \(\frac{3}{32}\)
(c) \(\frac{7}{64}\)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) \(\frac{1}{64}\)

Question 50.
If A and B are two mutually exclusive events such that p(A) = \(\frac{1}{6}\) and P(B) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) then which of the following is the value of P(A ∩ B).
(a) \(\frac{2}{3}\)
(b) 0
(c) \(\frac{1}{12}\)
(d) None
Answer:
(c) \(\frac{1}{12}\)

Non-Objective Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Q. No. 1 to 25 are of Short Answer type carry of 2 marks each. Answer any 15 questions. (15 × 2 = 30)

Question 1.
Let T be the set of all triangle in a plane define on R as {(T₁, T₂): T₁ is congruence to T₂} is an equivalence relation.
Answer:
Let T₁, T₂, T₃, ∈ T
(i) (T, T) ∈ R ⇒ TRT i.e. T is congruence to itself, so, R is reflexive.

(ii) (T₁, T₂) ∈ R ⇒ (T₂, T₁) ∈ R, T₁ R T₂ = T₂ R T₁, i.e. T₁ congruence to T₂ ⇒ T₂ is congruence to T₁.
So, R is symmetric

(iii) (T₁,T₂) ∈ R, (T₂, T₃) ∈ R ⇒ (T₁,T₃) ∈ R, T₁ R T₂T₂ R T₃ ⇒ T₁ R T₃ i.e. T₁ congruence to T₂, T₂ is congruence to T₃ ⇒ T₁, is congnience to T₃.
Since R is reflesive, symmetric and transitive, therefore R is an equivalence relation.

Question 2.
If f: A → B 3ftr g: B → C be two functions one-one and onto then prove that (gof)^-1 = f^-1og^-1
Answer:
Since f: A → B and g: B → C two functions are one-one and onto, therefore /and g are invertible.
To show gof is invertible with (gof)^-1 = f^-1og^-1, it is
enough to show that (f^-1og^-1) o (gof) = I_A and (gof)o(f^-1og^-1) =I_C.
Now, (f^-1og^-1) (gof) = ((f^-1og^-1)og)of
= (f^-1o(g^-1og)of = (f^-1oI_B) by definition of g^-1 = I_X …(1)
Similarly, it can be shown that
(gof)o(f^-1og^-1) = I_C …(2)
From (1) and (2), we get (gof)^-1 = f^-1og^-1

Question 3.
Prove that 4(cot^-13 +cosec^-1√5) = π
Answer:
4(cot^-13 + cosec^-1√5) = π
Let cosec^-1√5 = θ ⇒ cosecθ = √5
Take squaring, we get
cosec² θ = 5 ⇒ 1 + cot² θ= 5
⇒ cot² θ = 5 – 1 = 4
⇒ cot² θ = 4 ⇒ cot θ = 2
Tan θ = 1/2

Question 4.
For what value of x : \(\left[\begin{array}{lllll}
1 & 2 & 1
\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{lll}
1 & 2 & 0 \\
2 & 0 & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 2
\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}
0 \\
2 \\
x
\end{array}\right]=0\)
Answer:

Question 5.
Find the value of a, b, c, d if
\(\left[\begin{array}{cc}
2 a+b & a-2 b \\
5 c-d & 4 c+3 d
\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}
4 & -3 \\
11 & 24
\end{array}\right]\)
Answer:
By equality of matrices
2a + b = 4 ……………… (1)
a-2b = -3 …(2) 5c – d = 11 ………..(3)
4c + 3d = 24 …………..(4)
Multiplying (1) by 2 and adding (2), we get
4a+2b + a-2b = 8-3 ⇒ 5a = 5⇒ a = 1
From(1), 2a + b = 4 ⇒ 2.1 + b = 4 ⇒ b = 4 – 2 = 2
Again, multiplying (3) by 3 and adding (4), we get
15c – 3J + 4c + 3d = 33 + 24 ⇒ 19c = 57 ⇒ c = 3
from(3), 5c – d = 11 ⇒ 5 × 3 – d = 11 ⇒ d = 15 – 11 = 4
Hence a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 and d = 4

Question 6.
If A = \(\) then prove that |2A| = 4|A|
Answer:

From (1) and (2), we get |2A| = 4|A|

Question 7.
Find the value of x by the equation :
\(\sin \left(\sin ^{-1} \frac{1}{5}+\cos ^{-1} x\right)=1\)
Answer:

Question 8.
If y = sin^-1 then prove that (1 – x²)y₂-xy₁ = 0
Answer:

Question 9.
If f(x) =sin x/x when x ≠ 0, f(0) = 1. Then is fix) continuous at x = 0 ?
Answer:

Question 10.
Integrate : ∫secxdx
Answer:
Multiplying N_r and D_r by sec x + tan x in integral, we get

Question 11.
Evaluate: \(\int_{0}^{\pi / 2} \frac{\sqrt{\sin x}}{\sqrt{\sin x}+\sqrt{\cos x}} d x\)
Answer:

Question 12.
Find \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) for xy + 4 = 0at the point (-2,2)
Answer:

Question 13.
Find the particular solution of the diff.eqⁿ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\)= -4xy² if y = 1 when x = 0.
Answer:

Question 14.
Solve : (1 + x²)dy = (a + y²)dx
Answer:

Question 15.
If the vectors xî – 3ĵ + 5k̂ and -xî – xĵ + 2k̂ are mutually perpendicular then find the value of x.
Answer:
Two vectors are perpendicular if \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=0\)
⇒ (xî – 3ĵ + 5k̂). (-xî + xĵ + 2k̂) = 0
⇒ -x² – 3x +10 = 0 ⇒ x² + 3x – 10 = 0
⇒ x² – 5x + 2x – 10 = 0 ⇒ x(x – 5) + 2(x – 5) = 0
⇒ (x + 2) (x – 5) = 0 ⇒ x = -2,5

Question 16.
If \(\vec{a}\) be the unit vector such that \((\vec{x}-\vec{a}) \cdot(\vec{x}+\vec{a})=12\) then find \(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{x}}|\).
Answer:

Question 17.
Find the distance from the origin to the plane: 2x-3y + 4z – 6 = 0.
Answer:
Since dr’s of plane is 2, -3,4 then dc’s are :

Which is in the form of lx + my + nz = d, where d be the distance of the plane from the origin.
Hence the distance of the plane from the origin is \(\frac{6}{\sqrt{29}}\) units.

Question 18.
Find vector equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin and normal to the vector 3î + 5ĵ – 6k̂.
Answer:

Question 19.
Solve : (x + log y )dy + y dx = 0
Answer:
Given (x + log y )dy + y dx = 0
⇒ (xdy + ydx) + log ydy = 0

Which is the required solution.

Question 20.
Find the slope of tangent to the curve y = x³ – x at x = 2.
Answer:

Question 21.
The probability of an event is 3/7 . Find the odds against the event.
Answer:
Let A be the any event then P(A) = 3/7
∴ P(A’) = 1 – P(A) = \(1-\frac{3}{7}=\frac{4}{7}\)
Then odds against of the event A = \(\frac{P\left(A^{\prime}\right)}{P(A)}=\frac{\frac{4}{7}}{\frac{3}{7}}\)
= 4/3 = 4:3

GCF Calculator is a convenient tool that helps you calculate the Greatest Common Factor.

Question 22.
What is the probability of throwing more than 4 in a single throw from an ordinary die ?
Answer:
Here n(s) = 6 and 5 and 6 are the greatest number of 4. If A = event of outcome 5 and B = event of outcome 6. Then n(A) = 1 = n(B)

Since the outcomes are 5 and 6 are mutually exclusive events due to 5 and 6 not comes together.
The probability of out comes 5 or 6 = P(A∪B)
= P(A) + P(B) = \(\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{3}\)

Question 23.
If the function f:R→R defined as f(x) = x² – 3x + 2 then find f(f(x)).
Answer:
Given f:R → R,f(x) = x² – 3x + 2
∴ f(f(x)) = f(x² – 3x + 2
= (x²-3x + 2)2 – 3(x² – 3x + 2) + 2
= (x⁴ + 9x² + 4 – 6x³ – 12x + 4x²) + (- 3x² + 9x – 6) + 2
= x⁴-6x² + 10x² – 3x

Question 24.
Differentiate \(\frac{\cos x}{\log x}\), x >0 with respect to x.
Answer:

Question 25.
Differentiate x^{sin x} with respect to x.
Answer:
y = x^sinx or, logy = logx^{sin x}
or, logy = sin x logx

Long Answer Type Questions

Questions No. 26 to 33 are Long Answer Type Questions. Each question carry 5 marks. Answer any 4 question. (4 × 5 = 20)

Question 26.
Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (1,-1) whose differential equation is xy\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = (x+2) (y + 2)
Answer:

or, y – 2log |y + 2| = x + 2log |x| + k ……………1
Since the curve passes through (1,-1), then from (1), we get
-1 – 2log 1 = 1+ 2log 1 + k ∴ k = -2
Hence the equation of the curve is
y – 2log |y + 2| = x + 2log |x| – 2

Question 27.
Prove that the maximum value of the function y = \(\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)^{x}\) is \(e^{1 / e}\)
Answer:

Question 28.
Integrate : \(\int \frac{x}{\left(x^{2}+1\right)(x+1)} d x\)
Answer:

Question 29.
Evaluate : \(\int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{x d x}{a^{2} \cos ^{2} x+b^{2} \sin ^{2} x}\)
Answer:

Question 30.
If â and b̂ are two unit vectors and θ be the angle between them then prove that sin θ = \(\frac{1}{2}|\hat{a}-\hat{b}|\)
Answer:
Since â and b̂ are unit vectors and θ be the angle between them
∴ |â|= 1 ⇒ a² = 1 or |b̂|= 1 ⇒ b² = 1
|â – b̂|² = a² + b² – 2abcosθ
|â – b̂|² = 1 + 1 – 2.1.1cosθ
|â – b̂|² = 2 – 2cosθ = 2(1 – cosθ) = 2.2sin²\(\)

Question 31.
If the lines \(\frac{x-1}{-3}=\frac{y-2}{2 k}=\frac{z-3}{2}\) and \(\frac{x-1}{3 k}=\frac{y-1}{1}=\frac{z-6}{-5}\) are mutually perpendicular then find the value of k.
Answer:
Given \(\frac{x-1}{-3}=\frac{y-2}{2 k}=\frac{z-3}{2}\)
and \(\frac{x-1}{3 k}=\frac{y-1}{1}=\frac{z-6}{-5}\)
The dr’s of (1) and (2) are – 3, 2k, 2 and 3k, 1,-5 respectively,
The lines are mutually perpendicular if
a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0
or -3(3k) + 2k(1) + 2(-5) = 0
-9k + 2k – 10 = 0 or 7k +10 = 0
k = 10/7

Question 32.
Solve the following LPP problem.
Minimize Z = x + 2y
Subject to constraints: 2A +y ≥ 3, x + 2y ≥ 6, x, y ≥ 0.
Answer:
Minimize Z = A + 2y
under the constraints : 2A + y ≥3 => 2x + y = 3 …(1)
x + 2y ≥ 6 ⇒ x + 2y = 6 .. .(2)
x, y ≥ 0 ⇒ x = 0,y = 0 …(3)

First of all draw graph of equations (1) to (3) corresponds to inequations.
It is clear from the figure the line passes through the
points (3/2 , 0) and (0,3).
Putting x = 0, y = 0 in 2x + y ≥ 6, we get 0 ≥ 3.
The region 2x + y ≥ 3 on the line and the part above of line.
Similarly, the line x + 2y = 6 passes through the points A (6,0) and B (0,3).
Putting x = 0, y = 0 in A + 2y ≥ 6, we get 0 ≥ 6.
The region of x + 2y ≥ 6 lie on the line and the part above of line, x ≥ 0, lie on y-axis and the right of y-axis. y ≥ 0, line on x-axis and the above of x-axis.
Hence shaded feasible region XABY is above of line AB.
Now, to find the minimum value of Z = x + 2y from the points A (6,0) and B (0, 3) of the line AB.
Corner Points Z = x + 2y
A(6,0) Z = 6+ 2.0 = 6
A (0,3) Z = 0 + 2.3 = 6
Thus from the above table that the minimum common value of objective function Z is 6 at the both points.

Question 33.
A toy company manufactures two types of dolls A and B. Market tests and available resources have indicated that combined production level should not exceed 1200 dolls per week and demand of dolls of type B is at most half of that for dolls of type A. Further, the production level of dolls of type A can exceed three times the production of dolls of other type by at most 600 units. If the company makes profit of Rs. 12 and Rs. 16 per dolls respectively on dolls A and B, how many of each should be produced weekly in order to maximize the profit.
Answer:
Let the company manufacture of dolls of types A and B are x and y respectively. From the given problem the data are as follows :
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 ⇒ x = 0, y = 0 … (i)
x + y ≤ 1200 ⇒ x + y = 1200 …(ii)
y ≤ x/2
⇒ x – 2y ≥ 0 ⇒ x – 2y = 0 … (iii)
x ≤ 3y + 600 ⇒ x – 3y ≤ 600 ⇒ x – 3y = 600 … (iv)
Let the profit from A type of doll is A and B type of doll is y.
∴ Z = 12A + 16y
Now, from (ii) and (iii), we get
im 43
From (iii), we get
A = 2×400 = 800
∴ Co-ordinates of B is (800,400)
Again, from (ii) and (iv), we get

From (ii), we get A= 1050
Co-ordinates of A is = (1050,150)
Now, Feasible region = shaded region = ABOC region. Lastly, for maximum profit, to find the value of Z from the co-ordinates of comer point of shaded region.
Corner point Z = 12x + 16y
at (0,0) Z = 0 + 0 = 0
at B (800,400) Z= 12 × 800 + 16 × 400
= 9600 + 6400=16000
at A(1050,150) Z = 12 × 1050 + 16 × 150
= 12600 + 2400 = 15000
From above table, the maximum value of Z is 16000 at the point A = 800, y = 400. Thus 800 dolls of type A and 400 dolls of type be produced and get the maximum profit is Rs. 16000

→ 1990 के दशक में विभिन्न राजनीतिक दलों में बड़ी अफरा-तफरी हुई! सन् 1991 में मध्यावधि चुनाव हुए और कांग्रेस इस बार अपना आँकड़ा सुधारते हुए सत्ता में आई। बहरहाल, सन् 1989 में ही इस परिघटना की समाप्ति हो गयी थी जिसे राजनीति विज्ञानी अपनी विशेष शब्दावली मे ‘कांग्रेस प्रणाली’ कहते हैं।

→ 1990 के दशक में एक बड़ा बदलाव राष्ट्रीय राजनीति में ‘मण्डल मुद्दे का उदय था। सन् 1990 में राष्ट्रीय मोर्चा की नई सरकार ने मण्डल आयोग की सिफारिशों को लागू किया। इन सिफारिशों में प्रावधान किया गया कि केन्द्र सरकार की नौकरियों में अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग को आरक्षण दिया जाएगा। अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग को मिले आरक्षण के समर्थक और विरोधियों के बीच चले विवाद को ‘मण्डल मुद्दा’ कहा जाता है।

→ अयोध्या स्थित बाबरी मस्जिद का ढाँचा गिराने की घटना दिसम्बर 1992 में हुई।

→ मई 1991 में राजीव गांधी (तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री) की हत्या कर दी गई। इसके बाद कांग्रेस पार्टी ने नरसिम्हा राव को प्रधानमन्त्री चुना।

→ इस दौर में कांग्रेस के दबदबे की समाप्ति के साथ बहुदलीय शासन प्रणाली का युग शुरू हुआ।

→ सन् 1996 में बनी संयुक्त मोर्चे की सरकार में क्षेत्रीय पार्टियों ने मुख्य भूमिका निभाई।

→ सन् 1996 के चुनावों में भाजपा एक गठबन्धन के रूप में सत्ता में आई और सन् 1998 के मई से सन् 1999 के जून तक सत्ता में रही। फिर सन् 1999 के अक्टूबर में इस गठबन्धन ने पुनः सत्ता हासिल की। राजग की इन दोनों सरकारों में अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी प्रधानमन्त्री बने।

→ इस तरह सन् 1989 के चुनावों से भारत में गठबन्धन की राजनीति के एक लम्बे दौर की शुरुआत हुई। इसके बाद से केन्द्र में 9 सरकारें बनीं। ये सभी या तो गठबन्धन की सरकारें थीं अथवा दूसरे दलों के समर्थन पर टिकी अल्पमत की सरकारें थीं जो इन सरकारों में शामिल नहीं हुए।

→ राष्ट्रीय मोर्चा की सरकार ने मण्डल आयोग की सिफारिशों को लागू करने का फैसला किया। इससे अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग की राजनीति को सुगठित रूप से सहायता मिली। नौकरी में आरक्षण के सवाल पर तीखे वाद-विवाद हुए तथा इन विवादों से ‘अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग’ अपनी पहचान को लेकर ज्यादा सजग हुआ।

→ नौकरियों में अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग को आरक्षण देने के सरकार के फैसले से उत्तर भारत के कई शहरों में हिंसक विरोध का स्वर उमड़ा। इस फैसले को सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में भी चुनौती दी गयी और यह प्रकरण ‘इन्दिरा साहनी केस’ के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ।

→ सन् 1978 में ‘बामसेफ’ का गठन हुआ। इस संगठन ने ‘बहुजन’ यांनी अनुसूचित जाति, अनुसूचित जनजाति, अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग और अल्पसंख्यकों की राजनीतिक सत्ता की जबरदस्त तरफदारी की।

→ बामसेफ का परवर्ती विकास ‘दलित शोषित समाज संघर्ष समिति’ है जिससे बाद के समय में ‘बहुजन समाज पार्टी’ का उदय हुआ। इस पार्टी का नेतृत्व कांशीराम ने किया।

→ जनता पार्टी के पतन और बिखराव के बाद भूतपूर्व जनसंघ के समर्थकों ने सन् 1980 में भारतीय जनता पार्टी (भाजपा) बनाई।

→ ‘हिन्दुत्व’ शब्द को वी०डी० सावरकर ने गढ़ा था और इसको परिभाषित करते हुए उन्होंने इसे भारतीय राष्ट्र की बुनियाद बताया।

→ अयोध्या स्थित बाबरी मस्जिद को लेकर दशकों से विवाद चला आ रहा था। बाबरी मस्जिद का निर्माण अयोध्या में मीर बाकी ने करवाया था।

→ दिसम्बर 1992 में राममन्दिर निर्माण के लिए ‘कार-सेवा’ का आयोजन किया गया।

→ सन् 1989 के बाद की अवधि को सामान्यतया कांग्रेस के पतन और भाजपा के अभ्युदय की भी अवधि कहा जाता है।

→ सन् 2004 के चुनावों में कांग्रेस भी पूरे जोर से गठबन्धन में शामिल हुई। राजग की हार हुई और संयुक्त प्रगतिशील गठबन्धन (संप्रग) की सरकार बनी। इस गठबन्धन का नेतृत्व कांग्रेस ने किया।

→ सन् 2004 तथा सन् 2009 के चुनावों में एक हद तक कांग्रेस का पुनरूत्थान हुआ।

→ वर्तमान में गरीबी, विस्थापन, न्यूनतम मजदूरी, आजीविका और सामाजिक सुरक्षा के मसले जन-आन्दोलनों के माध्यम से राजनीतिक एजेण्डे के रूप में सामने आ रहे हैं। ये आन्दोलन राज्य को उसकी जिम्मेदारियों के प्रति सचेत कर रहे हैं। इसी तरह लोग जाति, लिंग, वर्ग और क्षेत्र के सन्दर्भ में न्याय तथा लोकतन्त्र के मुद्दे उठा रहे हैं।

→ कांग्रेस प्रणाली-सन् 1991 में एक बार फिर मध्यावधि चुनाव हुए और कांग्रेस इस बार अपना आँकड़ा सुधारते हुए सत्ता में आई। बहरहाल, सन् 1989 में ही उस परिघटना की समाप्ति हो गई थी, जिसे राजनीति विज्ञानी अपनी विशिष्ट शब्दावली में ‘कांग्रेस प्रणाली’ कहते हैं।

→ मण्डल मुद्दा–सन् 1990 में मण्डल आयोग की सिफारिशों में प्रावधान किया गया कि केन्द्र सरकार
की नौकरियों में ‘अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग’ को आरक्षण दिया जाएगा। सरकार के इस फैसले से देश के विभिन्न भागों में मण्डल विरोधी हिंसक प्रदर्शन हुए। अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग को मिले आरक्षण के समर्थक और विरोधियों के बीच चले विवाद को ‘मण्डल मुद्दा’ कहा जाता है।

→ इन्दिरा साहनी केस-पिछड़ा वर्ग को आरक्षण देने के फैसले को सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में भी चुनौती दी गई और यह प्रकरण ‘इन्दिरा साहनी केस’ के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ।

→ बामसेफ-सन् 1978 में ‘बामसेफ’ (बैकवर्ड एण्ड माइनोरिटी क्लासेज एम्पलाईज फेडरेशन) का गठन हुआ। यह सरकारी कर्मचारियों का कोई साधारण-सा ट्रेड यूनियन नहीं था। इस संगठन ने बहुजन यानी अनुसूचित जाति, अनुसूचित जनजाति, अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग तथा अल्पसंख्यकों की राजनीतिक सत्ता की जबरदस्त तरफदारी की।

→ बहुजन समाज पार्टी का उदय-बामसेफ का परवर्ती विकास ‘दलित-शोषित समाज संघर्ष समिति’ है, जिसके बाद के समय में बहुजन समाज पार्टी का उदय हुआ। इस पार्टी का नेतृत्व कांशीराम ने किया।

→ वी०पी० सिंह-दिसम्बर 1989 से नवम्बर 1990 तक वाम मोर्चा और भाजपा के समर्थन से बनी राष्ट्रीय मोर्चा सरकार के प्रधानमन्त्री रहे। इन्होंने मण्डल आयोग की सिफारिशों को लागू किया।

→ चन्द्रशेखर-नवम्बर 1990 से जून 1991 तक कांग्रेस के समर्थन से देश के प्रधानमन्त्री रहे।

→ कांशीराम-बहुजन समाज पार्टी के संस्थापक। इन्होंने उत्तर भारत के राज्यों में दलित राजनीति को संगठित किया।

Bihar Board Class 12th Political Science Notes

→ 1980 के दशक को स्वायत्तता की माँग के दशक के रूप में देखा जा सकता है। भारत सरकार ने लोगों की मांगों को दबाने के लिए जवाबी कार्रवाई की।

→ भारत ने विविधता के प्रश्न पर लोकतान्त्रिक दृष्टिकोण अपनाया। लोकतन्त्र में क्षेत्रीय आकांक्षाओं की राजनीतिक अभिव्यक्ति की अनुमति है और लोकतन्त्र क्षेत्रीयता को राष्ट्र विरोधी नहीं मानता।

→ स्वतन्त्रता के तुरन्त बाद जम्मू-कश्मीर का मसला सामने आया। यह केवल भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच संघर्ष का मामला नहीं था। कश्मीर घाटी के लोगों की राजनीतिक आकांक्षाओं का सवाल भी इससे जुड़ा हुआ है।

→ अलगाव के आन्दोलनों के अलावा देश में भाषा के आधार पर राज्यों के गठन की माँग करते हुए जन-आन्दोलन चले। मौजूदा आन्ध्र प्रदेश, कर्नाटक, महाराष्ट्र और गुजरात ऐसे ही आन्दोलनों वाले राज्य हैं।

→ जम्मू-कश्मीर में जारी हिंसा के कारण अनेक लोगों की जान गई और सैकड़ों परिवारों का विस्थापन हुआ। कश्मीर मुद्दा भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच एक बड़ा मुद्दा रहा है।

→ सन् 1947 से पहले जम्मू एवं कश्मीर में राजशाही थी। इसके हिन्दू शासक हरिसिंह भारत में शामिल नहीं होना चाहते थे और इन्होंने अपने स्वतन्त्र राज्य के लिए भारत और पाकिस्तान के साथ समझौता करने की कोशिश की। अन्ततः कश्मीर का भारत में विलय हुआ।

→ भारत जम्मू एवं कश्मीर की स्वायत्तता को बरकरार रखने पर सहमत हो गया। इसे संविधान की धारा-370 का प्रावधान करके संवैधानिक दर्जा दिया गया। उस समय से जम्मू-कश्मीर की राजनीति सदैव विवादग्रस्त एवं संघर्षयुक्त रही।

→ धारा-370 में जम्मू-कश्मीर को भारत के अन्य राज्यों के मुकाबले ज्यादा स्वायत्तता दी गई है। जम्मू-कश्मीर राज्य का अपना संविधान है। भारतीय संविधान की सारी व्यवस्थाएँ इस राज्य में लागू नहीं होतीं। संसद द्वारा पारित कानून राज्य में उसकी सहमति के बाद ही लागू होता है।

→ जम्मू-कश्मीर में सन् 1987 के विधानसभा चुनाव के बाद फारुख अब्दुल्ला मुख्यमन्त्री बने।

→ 1980 के दशक में पंजाब में कई बड़े परिवर्तन आए। बाद में इसके कुछ हिस्सों से हरियाणा और हिमाचल प्रदेश नामक राज्य बनाए गए। सन् 1966 में पंजाबी-भाषी प्रान्त का निर्माण हुआ।

→ 1970 के दशक में अकालियों के एक वर्ग ने पंजाब के लिए स्वायत्तता की माँग उठाई।

→ जून 1984 में भारत सरकार ने ‘ऑपरेशन ब्लू स्टार’ चलाया। यह अमृतसर के स्वर्ण मन्दिर में की गई सैन्य कार्रवाई का कूट नाम था।

→ तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री इन्दिरा गांधी की हत्या उन्हीं के अंगरक्षकों ने उनके आवास के बाहर 31 अक्टूबर, 1984 को कर दी। ये अंगरक्षक सिक्ख थे और ऑपरेशन ब्लू स्टार का बदला लेना चाहते थे। इस घटना के बाद भारत के उत्तरी भाग में सिक्ख समुदाय के विरुद्ध हिंसा भड़क उठी।

→ पूर्वोत्तर में क्षेत्रीय आकांक्षाएँ 1980 के दशक में एक निर्णायक मोड़ पर आ गई थीं। पूर्वोत्तर क्षेत्र में सात राज्य हैं जिन्हें ‘सात बहनों के नाम से जाना जाता है।

→ नागालैण्ड को सन् 1960 में; मेघालय, मणिपुर और त्रिपुरा को सन् 1972 में तथा अरुणाचल प्रदेश और मिजोरम को सन् 1987 में राज्य का दर्जा दिया गया।

→ सन् 1986 में राजीव गांधी और लालडेंगा के बीच एक शान्ति समझौता हुआ। समझौते में मिजोरम को पूर्ण राज्य का दर्जा मिला और उसे कुछ विशेष अधिकार दिए गए। लालडेंगा मुख्यमन्त्री बने।

→ सन् 1979 से सन् 1985 तक चला असम आन्दोलन बाहरी लोगों के विरुद्ध चले आन्दोलनों का सबसे अच्छा उदाहरण है।

→ क्षेत्रीय आकांक्षाएँ लोकतान्त्रिक राजनीति का अभिन्न अंग है।

→ क्षेत्रीय आकांक्षाएँ-क्षेत्रीय आकांक्षाएँ, लोकतन्त्र में क्षेत्रीय आकांक्षाओं की अभिव्यक्ति की अनुमति है और लोकतन्त्र क्षेत्रीयता को राष्ट्र-विरोधी नहीं मानता। विभिन्न दल और समूह क्षेत्रीय पहचान, आकांक्षा अथवा किसी विशेष क्षेत्रीय समस्या को आधार बनाकर लोगों की भावनाओं का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं।

→ नेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस-नेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस जम्मू एवं कश्मीर की एक प्रमुख राजनीतिक पार्टी है। शेख मुहम्मद अब्दुल्ला इसके प्रमुख नेता थे। नेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस एक धर्मनिरपेक्ष संगठन था और इसका कांग्रेस के साथ काफी समय तक गठबन्धन रहा।

→ धारा-370 का प्रावधान-कश्मीर को संविधान में धारा-370 के अन्तर्गत विशेष दर्जा दिया गया है। धारा-370 के तहत जम्मू एवं कश्मीर को भारत के अन्य राज्यों की अपेक्षा अधिक स्वायत्तता दी गई है। राज्य का अपना संविधान है। भारतीय संविधान की समस्त व्यवस्थाएँ इस राज्य में लागू नहीं होती। संसद द्वारा पारित कानून राज्य में उसकी सहमति के बाद ही लागू हो सकते हैं।

→ आजाद कश्मीर-सन् 1947 में जम्मू एवं कश्मीर राज्य में पाकिस्तान ने कबायली हमला करवाया था इसके फलस्वरूप राज्य का हिस्सा पाकिस्तानी नियन्त्रण में आ गया। भारत ने दावा किया कि यह क्षेत्र का अवैध अधिग्रहण है। पाकिस्तान ने इस क्षेत्र को ‘आजाद कश्मीर’ कहा।

→ अकाली दल-सिक्खों की राजनीतिक शाखा के रूप में 1920 के दशक में अकाली दल का गठन हुआ था। मास्टर तारा सिंह अकाली आन्दोलन के प्रमुख नेता थे। अकाली दल को पंजाब के हिन्दुओं के बीच कुछ विशेष समर्थन हासिल नहीं था। सन् 1980 में अकाली दल ने पंजाब तथा पड़ोसी राज्यों के बीच पानी के बँटवारे के मुद्दे पर एक आन्दोलन चलाया।

→ ऑपरेशन ब्लू स्टार-जून 1984 में भारत सरकार ने ‘ऑपरेशन ब्लू स्टार’ चलाया। यह अमृतसर के स्वर्ण मन्दिर में की गई सैन्य कार्रवाई का कूट नाम था। इस सैन्य अभियान में सरकार ने उग्रवादियों को सफलतापूर्वक मार भगाया लेकिन सैन्य कार्रवाई से ऐतिहासिक स्वर्ण मन्दिर को भी क्षति पहुंची।

→ राजीव गांधी-लोंगोवाल समझौता-अकाली दल के तत्कालीन अध्यक्ष हरचन्द सिंह लोंगोवाल के साथ जुलाई 1985 में एक समझौता हुआ। इसे राजीव गांधी-लोंगोवाल अथवा पंजाब समझौता कहा जाता है। समझौता पंजाब में शान्ति स्थापित करने की दिशा में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण कदम था।

→ पूर्वोत्तर के सात राज्य अथवा सात बहनें-पूर्वोत्तर में सात राज्य हैं-अरुणाचल प्रदेश, असम, नागालैण्ड, मणिपुर, मिजोरम, मेघालय, त्रिपुरा। इन राज्यों को ‘सात बहनें’ कहा जाता है।

→ ई० वी० रामास्वामी नायकर-पेरियार के नाम से प्रसिद्ध। इन्होंने द्रविड़ कणकन की स्थापना की तथा हिन्दी व उत्तर भारतीय वर्चस्व का विरोध किया।

→ शेख मुहम्मद अब्दुल्ला–भारत में विलय के बाद जम्मू-कश्मीर के प्रधामन्त्री बने। इन्होंने जम्मू-कश्मीर की स्वायत्तता एवं धर्म-निरपेक्षता का समर्थन किया।

→ मास्टर तारा सिंह-सिक्खों के प्रमुख धार्मिक एवं राजनीतिक नेता। इन्होंने स्वतन्त्रता के बाद अलग पंजाब राज्य के निर्माण का समर्थन किया तथा अकाली आन्दोलन का नेतृत्व किया।

→ लालडेंगा-मिजो नेशनल फ्रंट के संस्थापक व नेता। इन्होंने भारत के विरुद्ध दो दशक तक सशक्त संघर्ष का नेतृत्व किया तथा नव-निर्मित मिजोरम राज्य के मुख्यमन्त्री बने।

→ अंगमी जाप फिजो-नागालैण्ड के स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के नेता। इन्होंने भारत सरकार के विरुद्ध सशस्त्र संघर्ष की शुरुआत की।

→ काजी लैंदुप दोरजी खांगसरपा–सिक्किम के लोकतन्त्र बहाली आन्दोलन के नेता। इन्होंने सिक्किम के भारत में विलय का समर्थन किया।

Bihar Board Class 12th Political Science Notes

→ भारत के पर्यावरणीय आन्दोलनों में ‘चिपको आन्दोलन’ एक विश्वप्रसिद्ध आन्दोलन था। आन्दोलन की शुरुआत सन् 1973 के उत्तराखण्ड के दो-तीन गाँवों में हुई थी।

→ औपनिवेशिक दौर में सामाजिक-आर्थिक मुद्दों पर भी विचार मन्थन चला जिससे अनेक स्वतन्त्र सामाजिक आन्दोलनों का जन्म हुआ; जैसे-जाति प्रथा विरोधी आन्दोलन, किसान सभा आन्दोलन और मजदूर संगठन के आन्दोलन।

→ आन्ध्र प्रदेश, पश्चिम बंगाल और बिहार के कुछ भागों में किसान तथा खेतिहर मजदूरों ने मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी के कार्यकर्ताओं के नेतृत्व में अपना विरोध जारी रखा।

→ दलित हितों की दावेदारी के लिए महाराष्ट्र में सन् 1972 में दलित युवाओं का संगठन ‘दलित पैंथर्स’ बना। आरक्षण के कानून तथा सामाजिक न्याय की ऐसी नीतियों का कुशलतापूर्वक क्रियान्वयन इनकी प्रमुख माँग थी।

→ भारतीय संविधान में छुआछूत की प्रथा को समाप्त कर दिया गया।

→ महाराष्ट्र के शेतकारी संगठन ने किसानों के आन्दोलन को ‘इण्डिया’ की ताकतों (शहरी औद्योगिक क्षेत्र) के खिलाफ ‘भारत’ (ग्रामीण कृषि क्षेत्र) का संग्राम घोषित किया।

→ सरकार पर अपनी मांगों को मानने के लिए दबाव डालने के क्रम में भारतीय किसान यूनियन (बीकेयू) ने रैली, धरना, प्रदर्शन और जेल भरो आन्दोलन का सहारा लिया।

→ 1980 के दशक के मध्यवर्ती वर्षों में आर्थिक उदारीकरण की नीति की शुरुआत हुई तो बाध्य होकर मछुआरों के स्थानीय संगठनों ने अपना एक राष्ट्रीय मंच बनाया।

→ आन्ध्र प्रदेश में महिलाओं ने शराब के खिलाफ लड़ाई छेड़ रखी थी। इसे राज्य में ‘ताड़ी-विरोधी आन्दोलन’ के रूप में जाना गया।

→ संविधान के 73वें और 74वें संशोधन में महिलाओं को स्थानीय राजनीतिक निकायों में आरक्षण दिया गया। इस व्यवस्था को राज्यों की विधान सभाओं तथा संसद में भी लागू करने की माँग की जा रही है।

→ नर्मदा नदी के बचाव के लिए नर्मदा बचाओ आन्दोलन चला। इस आन्दोलन ने बाँधों के निर्माण का विरोध किया।

→ जन आन्दोलनों का इतिहास हमें लोकतान्त्रिक राजनीति को ठीक ढंग से समझने में सहायता देता है।

→ जन आन्दोलनों द्वारा लामबन्द की जाने वाली जनता सामाजिक और आर्थिक रूप से वंचित तथा अधिकारहीन वर्गों से सम्बन्ध रखती है।

→ सूचना के अधिकार का आन्दोलन जन आन्दोलनों की सफलता का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण उदाहरण है।

→ सन् 2002 में ‘सूचना की स्वतन्त्रता’ नाम का एक विधेयक पारित हुआ था। यह एक कमजोर अधिनियम था और इसे अमल में नहीं लाया गया। जून 2005 में ‘सूचना का अधिकार’ विधेयक को राष्ट्रपति की मंजूरी मिल गयी।

→ जन आन्दोलन-ऐसे आन्दोलन जो दलगत राजनीति से दूर एवं जन सामान्य के हित में चलाए जाते हैं, उन्हें ‘जन-आन्दोलन’ कहा जाता हैजैसे—चिपको आन्दोलन, दलित पैंथर्स आन्दोलन, भारतीय किसान आन्दोलन आदि।

→ चिपको आन्दोलन-यह आन्दोलन पेड़ों या वनों की कटाई को रोकने वाला पर्यावरणीय सुधार आन्दोलन था। आन्दोलन सन् 1973 में उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के कुछ गाँवों में प्रारम्भ हुआ था। इसमें वृक्षों को काटने से बचाने के लिए महिलाएँ पेड़ों से चिपककर खड़ी हो जाती थीं।

→ दल आधारित आन्दोलन-ऐसे आन्दोलन जिन्हें शक्ति मुख्यतः राजनीतिक दलों से प्राप्त हो। उदाहरणार्थ-सन् 1885 से सन् 1947 तक का भारत का स्वाधीनता आन्दोलन।

→ सामाजिक आन्दोलन-ऐसे आन्दोलन जो मुख्य रूप से किसी भी संगठन द्वारा सामाजिक समस्याओं पर चलाए जाते हैं तथा इनसे समाज को एक नई दिशा मिलती है। उदाहरण सती प्रथा या नारी मुक्ति आन्दोलन, ताड़ी विरोधी आन्दोलन आदि।।

→ आर्थिक आन्दोलन-ऐसे आन्दोलन जो मुख्य रूप से किसी आर्थिक समस्या से जुड़े हुए हों; जैसे-किसान आन्दोलन, मजदूर आन्दोलन आदि।

→ दलित पैंथर्स-दलित हितों की दावेदारी के क्रम में महाराष्ट्र में सन् 1972 में दलित युवाओं का एक संगठन ‘दलित पैंथर्स’ बनाया गया।

→ भारतीय किसान आन्दोलन (बी०के०यू०) यह उत्तर प्रदेश और हरियाणा के किसानों का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण संगठन था। सरकार पर अपनी मांगों को मानने के लिए दबाव डालने के क्रम में बीकेयू ने रैली, धरना, प्रदर्शन और जेल भरो अभियान का सहारा लिया।

→ शेतकारी संगठन-महाराष्ट्र के शेतकारी संगठन ने किसानों के आन्दोलनों को ‘इण्डिया’ की ताकतों (शहरी औद्योगिक क्षेत्र) के खिलाफ ‘भारत’ (यानि ग्रामीण कृषि क्षेत्र) का संग्राम करार दिया।

→ ताड़ी विरोधी आन्दोलन (शराब विरोधी आन्दोलन) आन्ध्र प्रदेश में ग्रामीण महिलाओं ने शराब के खिलाफ लड़ाई छेड़ रखी थी। यह लड़ाई शराब माफिया और सरकार दोनों के खिलाफ थी।

→ संविधान का 73वाँ तथा 74वाँ संशोधन-इन संशोधनों के अन्तर्गत महिलाओं को स्थानीय राजनीतिक निकायों में आरक्षण दिया गया।

→ नर्मदा बचाओ आन्दोलन-नर्मदा नदी के बचाव में नर्मदा बचाओ आन्दोलन चला। इस आन्दोलन में बाँधों के निर्माण का विरोध किया गया।

→ ‘सूचना की स्वतन्त्रता’ विधेयक-सन् 2002 में ‘सूचना की स्वतन्त्रता’ नाम का एक विधेयक पारित हुआ था। यह एक कमजोर अधिनियम था और इसे अमल में नहीं लाया गया। जून 2005 में ‘सूचना के अधिकार’ के विधेयक को राष्ट्रपति की मंजूरी प्राप्त हुई।

→ महेन्द्र सिंह टिकैत-भारतीय किसान यूनियन (बीकेयू) के अध्यक्ष थे।

→ नामदेव दसाल-ये एक प्रसिद्ध कवि (मराठी भाषा) हैं। इनकी ‘गोलपीठ की मराठी कविता’ प्रसिद्ध है।

Bihar Board Class 12th Political Science Notes

→ सन् 1967 के पश्चात् से भारतीय राजनीति में इन्दिरा गांधी एक मजबूत नेता के रूप में उभरी थीं तथा उनकी लोकप्रियता अपने उच्चतम स्तर पर थी। इस दौर में दलगत प्रतिस्पर्धा कहीं अधिक तीखी व ध्रुवीकृत हो चली थी।

→ सन् 1971-72 के बाद के वर्षों में भी देश की सामाजिक-आर्थिक दशा में कुछ विशेष सुधार नहीं हुआ। बंगलादेश के संकट से भारत की
अर्थव्यवस्था पर भारी बोझ पड़ा था। लगभग 80 लाख शरणार्थी पूर्वी पाकिस्तान से भारत आ गए थे। ।

→ सन् 1972-73 के वर्ष में मानसून असफल रहा। इससे कृषि पैदावार में कमी आई। आर्थिक स्थिति की बदहाली को लेकर पूरे देश में असन्तोष का माहौल था। इस स्थिति में गैर-कांग्रेसी पार्टियों ने बड़े कारगर ढंग से जन विरोध का नेतृत्व किया।

→ इस अवधि में कुछ मार्क्सवादी समूहों की सक्रियता भी बढ़ी। इन समूहों ने वर्तमान राजनीतिक प्रणाली तथा पूँजीवादी व्यवस्था को खत्म करने के लिए हथियार उठाए व राज्य विरोधी तकनीकों का सहारा लिया। ये समूह मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी (अब माओवादी) या नक्सलवादी के नाम से जाने गए।

→ गुजरात और बिहार दोनों ही राज्यों में कांग्रेस की सरकार थी। गुजरात में जनवरी 1974 में छात्रों ने खाद्यान्न, खाद्य तेल तथा अन्य आवश्यक वस्तुओं की बढ़ती हुई कीमत तथा उच्च पदों पर जारी भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ आन्दोलन छेड़ दिया।

→ मोरारजी देसाई अपने कांग्रेस के दिनों में इन्दिरा गांधी के प्रमुख विरोधी रहे थे।

→ मार्च 1974 में बढ़ती हुई कीमतों, खाद्यान्न के अभाव, बेरोजगारी तथा भ्रष्टाचार के खिलाफ बिहार के छात्रों ने भी आन्दोलन छेड़ दिया। आन्दोलन के क्रम में इन्होंने जयप्रकाश नारायण (जेपी) को बुलावा भेजा। आन्दोलन का प्रभाव राष्ट्रीय राजनीति पर पड़ना प्रारम्भ हुआ।

→ सन् 1975 में जयप्रकाश नारायण (जेपी) ने जनता के ‘संसद मार्च’ का नेतृत्व किया। जयप्रकाश नारायण को भारतीय जनसंघ, कांग्रेस (ओ), भारतीय लोकदल, सोशलिस्ट पार्टी जैसे गैर-कांग्रेसी दलों का समर्थन प्राप्त था।

→ सन् 1974 में रेलवे कर्मचारियों के संघर्ष से सम्बन्धित राष्ट्रीय समन्वय समिति ने जॉर्ज फर्नाडिस के नेतृत्व में रेलवे कर्मचारियों की एक राष्ट्रव्यापी हड़ताल का आह्वान किया।

→ केशवनन्द भारती के विख्यात केस में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने फैसला सुनाया कि संविधान का एक बुनियादी ढाँचा है और संसद इन ढाँचागत विशेषताओं में संशोधन नहीं कर सकती है।

→ सन् 1973 में सरकार ने तीन वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशों की अनदेखी करके इनसे कनिष्ठ न्यायमूर्ति ए०एन० रे को मुख्य न्यायाधीश नियुक्त किया। यह निर्णय राजनीतिक रूप से विवादास्पद बन गया।

→ 25 जून, 1975 के दिन सरकार ने घोषणा की कि देश में गड़बड़ी की आशंका है और इस तर्क के साथ उसने संविधान के अनुच्छेद-352 को
लागू कर दिया। इस अनुच्छेद में प्रावधान किया गया है कि बाहरी या आन्तरिक गड़बड़ी की आशंका होने पर सरकार आपातकाल लागू कर सकती है।

→ आपातकाल की घोषणा के साथ ही शक्तियों के बँटवारे का संघीय ढाँचा व्यावहारिक तौर पर निष्प्रभावी हो जाता है और समस्त शक्तियाँ केन्द्र सरकार के हाथ में चली जाती हैं। दूसरे, सरकार चाहे तो ऐसी स्थिति में किसी एक अथवा मौलिक अधिकारों पर रोक लगा सकती है अथवा इनमें कटौती कर सकती है।

→ आपातकालीन प्रावधानों में प्राप्त अपनी शक्तियों पर अमल करते हुए सरकार ने प्रेस की आजादी पर रोक लगा दी।

→ सरकार ने निवारक नजरबन्दी को बड़े पैमाने पर प्रयोग किया। इस प्रावधान में लोगों को गिरफ्तार इसलिए नहीं किया जाता कि उन्होंने कोई अपराध नहीं किया है बल्कि इसके विपरीत, इस प्रावधान में लोगों को इस आशंका से गिरफ्तार किया जाता है कि वे कोई अपराध कर सकते हैं।

→ मई 1977 में जनता पार्टी की सरकार ने सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के भूतपूर्व मुख्य न्यायाधीश श्री जे० सी० शाह की अध्यक्षता में एक आयोग गठित किया। इस आयोग का गठन 25 जून, 1975 के दिन घोषित आपातकाल के दौरान की गयी कार्रवाई तथा सत्ता के दुरुपयोग, अतिचार और कदाचार के विभिन्न आरोपों के विविध पहलुओं की जाँच के लिए किया गया था।

→ आपातकाल की घोषणा के कारण का उल्लेख करते हुए संविधान में बड़े सादे ढंग से ‘अन्दरूनी गड़बड़ी’ जैसे शब्द का व्यवहार किया गया है।

→ राजनीतिक कार्यकर्ताओं की गिरफ्तारी और प्रेस पर लगी पाबन्दी के अलावा आपातकाल का बुरा प्रभाव आम लोगों को भुगतना पड़ा।

→ 18 महीने के आपातकाल के बाद जनवरी 1977 में सरकार ने चुनाव कराने का फैसला किया।

→ सन् 1977 के चुनावों को जनता पार्टी ने आपातकाल के ऊपर जनमत संग्रह का रूप दिया।

→ चुनाव के अन्तिम परिणामों ने सभी को चौंका दिया। स्वतन्त्रता के बाद पहली बार ऐसा हुआ कि कांग्रेस लोकसभा का चुनाव हार गयी।

→ मोरारजी देसाई देश के प्रधानमन्त्री बने, लेकिन इससे जनता पार्टी के भीतर सत्ता की खींचतान समाप्त नहीं हुई। इस सरकार ने 18 माह में ही अपना बहुमत खो दिया। कांग्रेस पुन: सत्ता में आई।

→ सन् 1980 के लोकसभा चुनावों में कांग्रेस को विजय प्राप्त हुई एवं इन्दिरा गांधी प्रधानमन्त्री बनीं।

→ आपातकाल और इसके आस-पास की अवधि को हम संवैधानिक संकट की अवधि के रूप में भी देख सकते हैं। संसद और न्यायपालिका के अधिकार क्षेत्र को लेकर छिड़ा संवैधानिक संघर्ष भी आपातकाल के मूल में था।

→ आपातकाल-विकट स्थिति का समय। सन् 1973 से 1975 के बीच आए बदलावों की परिणति देश में ‘आपातकाल’ लागू कराने के रूप में हुई। सन् 1975 में जून माह में देश में आपातकाल की घोषणा कर दी गयी। आपातकाल से हमारे मन में युद्ध और आक्रमण या प्राकृतिक आपदा की तस्वीर सामने आती है लेकिन अपने देश में आपातकाल की यह घोषणा अन्दरूनी अव्यवस्था की आशंका को ध्यान में रखते हुए की गयी थी।

→ सम्पूर्ण क्रान्ति–जयप्रकाश नारायण ने सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक दायरे में ‘सम्पूर्ण क्रान्ति’ का आह्वान किया ताकि उन्हीं के शब्दों में ‘सच्चे लोकतन्त्र’ की स्थापना की जा सके।

→ गुरिल्ला युद्ध-थोड़े से लोगों द्वारा बड़ी सैन्य शक्ति के विरुद्ध छुपकर लड़ने की युद्ध नीति को गुरिल्ला युद्ध कहा जाता है। मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी पार्टी ने क्रान्ति करने के लिए गुरिल्ला युद्ध की रणनीति अपनाई।

→ प्रेस सेंसरशिप-आपातकालीन प्रावधानों के अन्तर्गत प्राप्त अपनी शक्तियों पर अमल करते हुए सरकार ने प्रेस की आजादी पर रोक लगा दी। समाचार-पत्रों को कहा गया कि कुछ भी छापने से पहले अनुमति लेना आवश्यक है। इसे ‘प्रेस सेंसरशिप’ के नाम से जाना जाता है।

→ मौलिक अधिकार–नागरिकों के सर्वांगीण विकास हेतु मौलिक अधिकार आवश्यक हैं। भारत के
संविधान में नागरिकों के मौलिक अधिकारों का प्रावधान है। भारतीय संविधान में नागरिकों को छह मौलिक अधिकार प्रदान किए गए हैं। इनका उल्लंघन होने पर नागरिक न्यायालय की शरण ले सकता है। इन अधिकारों को आपातकाल के दौरान प्रतिबन्धित किया जा सकता है।

→ निवारक नजरबन्दी-आपातकाल के दौरान सरकार ने निवारक नजरबन्दी का व्यापक पैमाने पर इस्तेमाल किया। इस प्रावधान में लोगों को गिरफ्तार इसलिए नहीं किया जाता कि उन्होंने कोई अपराध किया है बल्कि इसके विपरीत, इस प्रावधान में लोगों को इस आशंका से गिरफ्तार किया जाता है कि वे कोई अपराध कर सकते हैं।

→ बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण–व्यक्तिगत स्वतन्त्रता के लिए यह लेख सर्वाधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण है। यह उस व्यक्ति की प्रार्थना पर जारी किया जाता है जो यह समझता है कि उसे अवैध रूप से बन्दी बनाया गया है। इस तरह अनुचित एवं गैर-कानूनी रूप से बन्दी बनाए गए व्यक्ति बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण लेख के आधार पर स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। दोनों पक्षों की बात सुनकर न्यायालय इस बात पर निर्णय करता है कि नजरबन्दी वैध है अथवा अवैध।

→ शाह जाँच आयोग-मई 1977 में जनता पार्टी की सरकार ने सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के भूतपूर्व मुख्य
न्यायाधीश श्री जे० सी० शाह की अध्यक्षता में एक आयोग गठित किया। इस आयोग का गठन ’25 जून, 1975 के दिन घोषित आपातकाल के दौरान की गई कार्यविधि तथा सत्ता के दुरुपयोग, अतिचार और कदाचार के विभिन्न आरोपों के विविध पहलुओं की जाँच के लिए किया गया था।

→ चारु मजूमदार-कम्युनिस्ट क्रान्तिकारी एवं नक्सली नेता। इन्होंने क्रान्तिकारी हिंसा का नेतृत्व किया। कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी ऑफ इण्डिया (मार्क्सवादी-लेनिनवादी) की स्थापना करने वाले मजूमदार की पुलिस हिरासत में मौत हो गयी।

→ लोकनायक जयप्रकाश नारायण-जेपी के नाम से प्रसिद्ध। सन् 1942 के भारत छोड़ो आन्दोलन के नायक। बिहार आन्दोलन के नेता। इन्होंने आपातकाल का विरोध किया।

→ मोरारजी देसाई-भारत के पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री। स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी एवं गांधीवादी नेता के रूप में प्रसिद्ध।

→ चौधरी चरणसिंह-मोरारजी देसाई के बाद देश के प्रधानमन्त्री बने। इन्होंने स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम में अपना योगदान दिया।

→ जगजीवन राम-स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी तथा बिहार के कांग्रेसी नेता। देश के उप-प्रधानमन्त्री रहे।

Bihar Board Class 12th Political Science Notes